How Do We Know Something Is True in the Arts and Science Essay Example for Free

How Do We Know Something Is True in the Arts and Science Essay Hey Jamie! I’ve been wondering for a while now how you can really know if something in art or natural sciences is true.? I mean when you look at a piece of art or let’s say the way atoms connect with each other, or how the gravity works, how do you know it’s all true? Obviously there are laws that are connected with these things, however how can you be sure if what the law states is true? Jamie:You’re pretty much right about that, but I think it’s not about the truth for now – first there should be some kind of idea or a belief, before it can be confirmed, right? I mean, for instance Newton came up with the idea of gravity when an apple fell on his head, remember? It made him think about it more and more until the conception of some kind of force that affects everything on Earth popped into his mind, but I don’t think art works the same way†¦ Molly:Right†¦ Art’s totally different thing. Natural science have some rules they work with, even though there probably are some we still don’t know about, however we can notice something that happens the certain way. The rules are true. Well – people, or rather scientists claim so, but they are based on long-term observation and other research, right? Jamie:Right! If someone is absolutely certain that something is true, is it because this is the way he sees it or seeing it equals believing it is true? Molly:Well†¦ That’s a good question. I’ve heard that there are some ways to know that something is true – like I’ve mentioned before, observation, or rather a sense of perception, is one of them, but there is also reason and language that suggests people which is the objective, factual or relative truth. It’s more connected with natural sciences, however when it comes to art the way one can tell something is true is slightly different. Jamie:How so? I mean†¦ I don’t get what your point is. Molly:Look, if you have a piece of art, let’s say a picture of a battle, okay? The one who painted it, probably had some kind of knowledge about the battle he was drawing, right? Jamie:I think so†¦ Molly:So, let’s say, there is a person the picture revolves around, some kind of great figure, a king or other known man. The author of the painting wanted to show ordinary people the greatness of the person he pictured in the centre of his work. And there is a big chance that the person who’ll look at this exact piece of art, will think ‘Oh, that man was so great. ’, but how can he or she know it is true that he was as ‘great’ as the author portrayed him? Then, we could take a work of another author, the same battle, and there will be no person who will attract your attention at first, just the way the battle looked like, dead people, blood on the ground and other realistic fragments. If I was the one comparing these two pictures, I’d get a feeling that the first artist suggested the greatness of the man he portrayed because he was paid or had to do so, while the second one would be more true to me, because it would probably show the facts at some point. Jamie:Oh I see what you mean now! Hmm†¦ I have a feeling that in the end art and natural science are somehow connected when it comes to knowing the truth! Molly:†¦ Okay, now you got me confused. How can they be connected? Explain? Jamie:Oh look! If you take our chemistry book, you’ll find there all kinds of described experiments, right? However it is rare to find the outcomes of these experiments in the book. Molly:Yeah†¦? Jamie:And when you listen to your chemistry teacher, and he’ll tell you before you do the experiment that the product of the reaction should smell the certain way, as let’s say†¦ Hydro-sulfuric acid smells like rotten eggs. After finishing your research and experiment you would probably note that the smell of the acid was of rotten eggs, because this is what has been suggested by your teacher, right? Molly:Oh, now I see how it’s connected to art. Some kind of statement can be suggested to you and you are very likely to believe it, however, then you could find some other research that declines what your teacher claimed or that the guy portrayed in the picture was great. Jamie:Yes! Exactly! But then there arises a new question. Molly:Huh? What question? Jamie:Can we be sure of what people claim to be true to be actually true? Molly:Right†¦ In the end I think we are should stick to the rules that have been stated in the past, because they seem to be true, however after you said that†¦ I’m starting to doubt everything I know! Jamie:Sorry for that! Didn’t want to make you confused! Molly:No, it was actually pretty interesting! Jamie:Yup! But I think we can never be in 100% sure of what is true when it comes to art and natural science. Molly:Yeah, totally agree with you on this one.

The Impact Of How Organisational Structure

The Impact Of How Organisational Structure The organisational structure has a great influence on the people working for the organisation. The way the employees are organized and dealt with, has a noticeable influence on each employee of the organisation. If the organisation has a strong leadership, it helps other people working for it to get motivated and to be influenced by the works of leader and they eventually get boosted. This leads to the betterment of organisation and promotes more people to work for the organisation. Leadership has a direct influence on the organization, with the leadership style the organization can be moulded in the direction which is best suited for it. The surveys and researches done so far have proved that the attitude of an employee to the organization is dependent on the structure of organization. If the individual is happy with his job and show positive attitude towards the job the organization is more likely to be get benefited from it, if the employee has a negative impact then preferably th e organization gets suffer (CITEHR 2005). The organization consists of people with different nature and aptitude. Each person has its own skills and knowledge, so he is capable of handling stuff in his own way. The organization impacts the person in a way that he has to manage himself according to the needs of the organization. The person has to mould his skills to suit the requirements. Many factors are included which strengthens or weakens the ability of people working in an organization. The main factors included are adaptability; this is that how much a person can get adapted to the working environment he is going through. Then comes the social values; this explains the values which are to be maintained in order to continue the friendly employee to employer and employee to employee relation respectively (SACHING 2009). Through this the risk of conflicts can be minimised. Analyse how Organisational culture plays a vital role in employees efficiency and effectiveness. Efficiency is the time taken to do some particular task. The efficiency is when you complete your task in the minimum time. Whereas effectiveness is the height of results achieved from tasks. This is actually the actions of employees which brings about the results and helps the organization getting effective results (CHRON 2012). The organization has a great influence on both the efficiency and effectiveness of the employee. The culture of an organization particularly helps in constructing an efficient employee and it can harm the efficiency of an employee as well. So basically it has a great influence. The organizations with proper planned structures and stabled culture are more likely to bring about a positive change in their employees. If the organization has a setup which includes proper trainings, sit-ups with the manager and discussions about the relevant matter, then no doubt the organization is going to bring about efficient workers. For example the company has got and Entrepreneur resource planning ERP system installed in place, this helps employees getting in touch with each other and they can access each other directly wherever they are eventually saving time and making their work efficient. Similarly if the organization wants the best result it needs to have an effective planning of actions need to be performed in order to achieve those results. The factors that can improve the effectiveness of the employee are through having a proper individuals performance review over a specific period of time. This will help the organization figuring out the strengths and weaknesses of the employees, which should be recorded and monitored on preceding tasks. The other way to improve effectiveness is through organizing tests and tasks for employees, the results will clearly show the level of effectiveness the organization can gain from that employee that can be changed later with training in the field where employees lack, if things like these are in place then organizational culture is really improving the employee skills and will eventually get benefited. So this shows that the organization culture has indeed a great influence on the efficiency and the effectiveness of the employees working for it (CHRON 2012). Understand approaches to managing the differences between individuals that impact on their performance at work Employees behaviour at work is highly influenced by personal differences. Explain. Employees in an organization work as a team and bring about changes to the organizations. Every employee has its special character and the behaviour it possesses. Some lacks in some capabilities and others have access of some capabilities, so they make up a good team with difference in their aptitude with which they approach the tasks. The personal differences help each other in getting motivated and bring in employees the power to compete and excel in their fields. It does have a negative influence as well sometimes that employees can take one with abilities as their rival rather than following him they can just get to the worse of developing personal grudges against him. Organizations have people from different sectors and these bring about the people with different life styles and different working styles as well. To counter these differences employees work in a way so that they can manage with each and every person in the working area. The ones that are unable to manage starts getting irritated each other and may develop hatred as well. But mostly organization trained the people with fewer abilities to follow the ones with abilities to get the most out of them. This is because companies want to have a growing structure rather than destructive approach. Employees may sometimes come from different ethical backgrounds that practices things which are of bad influence to the other employees. This brings about personal rivalry in the work place. Then sometime people with different ideas trigger each other against them if the seniors listen more to one employees ideas rather than listening to all equally. So this difference in treatment can also influence the employees. Some people are in habitual to change while some are not, if the organization brings about some changes to the way it is working this is seen to be an act of decreasing the employees ability to coup up with the change as he may not like changes to the way he works. What methods management would require tackling the issues related to personal behaviour of employees at work? Support your answer with relevant organisational citation. The personal behaviour of the employees can be tackled with the following ways. The organizations should carry out the audits and equality test and check for the results through surveys that how the employees respond to each the question they have asked. Also try giving flexible hours of work so they can relax and can get fresh start when they want. Implement a strategy which stops the people from getting to personal or give them only right to talk about work issues and not of the personal stuff when they are in the work place. Companies such as McDonalds and also others such as HSBC bank and all have their own specific terms and conditions. In fact every organization has these terms which they ask from their employees to agree to it before signing for the job. This ensures that the personal rivalries and behaviour that is ignorant should not be used in the premises. To tackle such conditions the organizations should train managers and staff so they can handle the situation without creating any more stress. People sometimes makes mistake and manager should be there to tackle that as well as it is the responsibility of the manager to see to it that all the processes are in place and are running fine. The organizations should try things like friendly gathering or socializing team members so that they get to familiarize each other in a better way and can understand personal differences of each other. This method can bring the work force together and can make them realize the importance of working in a team with enthusiasm and respect. The respect factor is most important as it allows the understanding of both the position of one another in the organization as well as it is better to know on the human front as well. So these are the methods to tackle the people behaviour in work place. Understand the organisational factors that impact on people performance What is leadership? How many types of leaderships are there; and how these styles effect on individuals and teams work performance? Leadership is basically managing a group of individuals to accomplish a particular task. Leadership can be of basic school level for making simple science projects and it can be of government level for running a developed state. So all group tasks involves leadership but of different types. The recent leadership studies and theories give description of the leaders through their traits. This also includes use of power to achieve an objective. In this description the leaders are figured out as autocratic, bureaucratic, democratic and charismatic (ALA 2010). Autocratic: Autocratic is the kind of leadership which involves one man taking decision for the entire group. These decisions are kept to the leader only and the other team members only get orders by the leader to do what they are assigned to do. The main decisions are all centralized and only leader has the authority to govern the team as he wants. This is taken as one of the good leadership style because one person has to make every decision which is efficient and it provides motivation to the person as well (WIKIPEDIA 2012). Bureaucratic: Bureaucratic is almost of the same kind like autocratic but it relies mostly on making policies and bringing out objectives and strategies as described in the policy that has been made. These leaders work as dictated in the policy, which has all points mentioned and written properly. So its a direct message to the other members that they need to follow what has been told them and they cannot make any changes to it. This type of leadership sometimes demotivates the people in the group as if some point is harsh or strong which members resist following blindly (ALA 2010). Democratic: Democratic is in which all members get chance to put forward their decisions. It is not only dependent on the leaders decision but the leader asks the members about the issue and they suggest solutions which are then dealt with to get the best possible results. This democratic leadership is also referred as shared leadership which is because of the distributed decision making power rather than centralized decision making power. So this type of leadership motivates team workers as their suggestions are considered as well (WIKIPEDIA 2012). Charismatic: This is considered to be the best and the successful leadership. This brings on the creativity and allows bringing new and innovative ideas in practice. These types of leaders have long sightedness and a vision which let them govern the group with enthusiasm and motivation. This leadership is based on the personality of the leader and one compete another to come in front, so this brings on the chances for the most efficient person to come as a leader of the other hence bringing strength in the organization. The members get influenced and bring about positive results in the organization (ALA 2010). These are the given ways of leadership and everyone has its own influence on the members and the performance of the team is affected differently in all of these types as mentioned above in the respective leadership style. Explain the benefits of flexible working practices to individuals and organisations. Flexible working practices have so many benefits to both the individuals and the organizations. Through flexible working the individuals get convenience, as they can work at the time which is most suitable to them. The flexible working allows people to work in different places together, as you can give time to other activities as well. Organizations on the other hand also get benefits from these flexible working practices as they can ask for the staff at the time when they require the most work. Also this allows reducing costs in form of wages of individuals and also reduces the wastage of time people will have in organization when they have no work. Most organizations prefer people who work part times as this helps them getting fresh labour after few working hours and more individuals can get employment through this. The budget also goes down from this technique. Flexible working also brings about convenience in a way that people can work from their homes and can still be the part of the organization. The terms which come under flexible working practices mainly are job-sharing, flexi-time, career breaks, term time working and compressed hours. These all terms are of benefits to organizations and individuals both, individuals can make use of their time properly and organizations can reduce their budget from these practices (FRESH 2009). Flex time is a term used to define the time which is fixed for people of a state to do their job. Like for many countries it is 9 am to 5 pm at which the most of the people go to work and rest of the time they can utilize in whatever activity they like, which can be getting entertained with family or working for some other organization as a part time to get more earning. These all are considered the practices which can be classified under the flexible working practices. Using motivational theories assess how the working environment impacts on people performance. There are so many motivational theories, which assess the working environment on people performance. These include: Instinct Theory of Motivation: This theory suggests that people in an organization is trained to behave in certain special ways which are required for the organization. This theory is based on the fact that people already possess some qualities which are evolutionary and those are needed to be polished and changed in a way to suit ones own requirements. Incentive Theory of Motivation: The theory suggests that people are given motivation by letting them know that they will be rewarded for doing the good work. The impact this have on people is in a way that the for the reward the people try working at their best and in this way organizations get best results out of their employees. Drive Theory of Motivation: This theory is about the motivation of people in a way that people are motivated to do some particular actions which helps reducing tensions that are the reason of some unfulfilled needs. This theory is basically relying on biological component, like hunger and thirst. So this motivation is all about peoples psychological needs. Arousal Theory of Motivation: This theory shows that the people motivates by certain actions which brings in them a certain level of arousal that they can manage by increasing or decreasing as well. The organization can bring in its employees an arousal that motivates them to work at their best. Humanistic Theory of Motivation: This theory suggests that the people already have in them strong cognitive abilities to do different actions. This describes about people getting motivated to perform actions which fulfil their needs first the basics ones and then the other important needs. Basic needs as hunger thirst and all and other needs of living well in the world so they gets motivated to do work. (PSYCHOLOGY 2012) (WIKIPEDIA 2012) Organisational ethical practices highly influence employees motivation level. Make an assessment with relevant application on McDonalds. Organizational ethical practices do influence the employees motivational level. McDonalds have some basic code of conducts which the employees need to follow in order to maintain a good and healthy environment in the work place. The employees responsibilities involve treating everyone equally at the work place. Managers and supervisors have their own place so treat them with respect and provide them with whatever service they ask for. This ethical practice promotes respect as well as the ability to produce efficient results. Also in McDonalds the employee is not allowed to harass the other employee, it is the responsibility of everyone to make sure that the environment remains calm and friendly. No one should abuse one another and no one is eligible to say about other persons appearance or abuse other in anyway. The employees are considered to be the ambassadors of the company and they are expected to work and behave as such to make sure the organization is getting benefitted from this. These practices and responsibilities allow the employees to get motivated and work in a friendly and well managed way. So that no one feels offensive and degraded from each other. Everyone is placed at the same level and receives equal importance this ensures that the people working in the organization gets what their right is and no one will be treated badly. During training every employee has given special instructions, so they are told not to use any of companys assets for personal use. Also the computers should not be used for personal reasons. The employee has got the responsibility not to harm the company reputation in any case so he is eligible to consider the organization as its own. This ethics of McDonalds help the business grow and produce quality service with the motivation of employees that they give (EHOW 2012). Evaluate how organisations use their corporate social responsibility agenda to motivate employees. Corporate social responsibilities, CSR is a policy with which organization looks towards its bindings with the law, ethical standards and different international norms. It is a process to bring about encouragement in a positive way to the company through the practices that defines the basics of the company. This policy helps the employees get motivated and work accordingly to bring about the positive change. CSR helps identifying the company aim and mission and helps also in providing their customers with good experience. This policy contains all the possible and feasible structured points to enhance business out of scope and can bring about the best results. This agenda signifies the treatment of the company with employees, consumers and stakeholders so in a way it helps in the dealing with the different links attached to a company. The benefit it has on the company is very much impressive and attracts the employees with providing them motivation of working hard and up to some noticeable standards. CSR has different approaches and they are all for the organization to provide good services. One approach is incorporating CSR directly in the business strategy. This is all about fair trading and this gives company an edge. Another approach is the increase in corporate responsibilities. This brings about CSV, which is creating shared value, this model illustrated that the corporate wellbeing and social welfare depends on each other. Companies make sure to make a policy which motivates employees and enhance business structure as well. This is how they can organize a strategy that helps them working on the defined pattern. Employees motivation are most important as this is the only possible way of getting profitable business if the employee will not be satisfied then he will not be able to work up to the mark to produce sufficient results (WIKIPEDIA 2012). Understand methods for developing human resources Apply Maslows theory of motivation to develop people in any organisation (or organisation of your choice). Maslows theory of motivation suggests that people gets motivated according to their needs. Maslow divided the needs of people in pyramidal structure starting from the basic needs which makes the base of the pyramid. He suggested that basic need of a person such as food, water, sleep, and homeostasis are the ones which should be satisfied to make him motivate to work for his satisfaction and so on to fulfil other needs. HSBC is a bank which has a strategy of motivating its employee with the rewards. The first thing that comes up is the basic needs of the employee which is fulfils through the wages they get and can live, eat and sleep well. Others can be achieved as the employees shows interest in the organization and motivated him to get the best possible work which brings about the promotions and all. The Maslows theory divides the structure on 5 parts, which are physiological, safety, love/belongings, Esteem, and self-actualization. These are the stages through which a person develops motivation and work hard. Human resources are the main thing which companies need to fulfil; this is so with the HSBC they look towards their employees as well as their clients. If they satisfies the employees this in turn results in the satisfaction of the employees. Give people their basic needs, safety of life and way to live a friendly life in a healthy environment and this will help them get motivated to do their work with interest and satisfaction. If these d-needs as Maslow called it the deficiency needs will not be fulfilled the person cannot be able to work for the organization and will change it by getting negative influence from it. Human brain works in a way that it can relatively generates the all or multiple level of pyramid hierarchy at the same time. So this can motivate to the highest level when the needs be fulfilled at the same time (WIKIPEDIA 2012). Explain the different uses of coaching and mentoring in organisations. Coaching and mentoring is a technique used to make both the clients and the people involved make use of their full potential. Coaching is where a person trains the other to make them work best to its potential. The coaching can bring about the abilities which a person lacks. Whereas mentoring is also considered to be of the same kind that is guiding a junior to work in your position or to get him the skills that can make him work ahead. In an organization these techniques are used in many ways such as by questioning the client you can bring about the desired structure of the product he is looking for and you can then identify solutions from approaching the query. Also organizations apply techniques which included one to one training. This helps getting face to face understanding of each other. This also encourages people to practice in the field of competence where they feel reluctant and then come up with better performance, this can be achieved by the practice and only practice makes a man perfect. Coaching and mentoring provides employees skills where they lack and help them make their deficiencies into their strengths. With coaching one can achieve the goal which he is capable of achieving but is lacking behind due to some minor irresponsibility. These techniques help covering up those gaps and organization gets benefits with the employees they train for specific purposes. One thing which needs to be kept in mind is that the individual should achieve it in a positive way and develop skills rather than getting dependent on the coach or the mentor. If this will happen the individual will get a negative influence and that will be a disadvantage to the organization. These are the uses which an organization can have from techniques like this (WALES 2012). By investing large amount of money in employees training and development programmes, organisations strategically meet corporate objectives. Analyse comparative benefits (individual and organisational) of TD programmes within organisations. These training and development programmes are very much important to the organization betterment and success. The organization needs to spend money in these programmes in order to achieve corporative benefits. The outcome indeed will be greater than the spending. As if they will spend on training staff the trained staff will yield out better performance which is the basic requirement of the organization. If an organization does not spend on the training and development of the company they definitely cannot make progress and this will stop them from going forward in the competitive world. The large organizations such as banks have their staffed trained on regular basis so that to avoid any of the lacking which the employees may possess. In this way spending funds on training can make them get high benefits over the end, which can be clearly visible in the revenue that generates. The benefits which the organization gets are in many different forms. These can be either in the form of good client to employee relationship which helps encouraging more clients to get involved in the service that are offered by the company. Also they can get benefits from the other competitors in having trained staff which knows everything and is up to date with the latest development and technology. The TD programme makes the basis of the organization growth. Funding this is the major spending of many companies. As to gain something you need to spend something and this is from where they can gain the ultimate high performance. Without training the organization cannot make better decisions. The benefits also includes advanced used of ERP systems, trained personnel to operate it, high productivity, time can be saved as results and procedures will be more efficient. Advanced gadgets can be used rather than old traditional ways. For example in banks instead of queuing up and wait for your turn you can go and deposit amount directly in the pay-in machine, which saves time. The employee gets confidence through these trainings and feels more confidence when they talk to the customers and the other fellow members of the organization. People might take it as a difficult task and a responsibility other than their job to get this training and hesitates to attend and get the training, but they can be made reluctant by offering extra incentives so that they can come and get the training without any reluctance and hesitance. Managers should get the special training which is different than of the other employees. All staff members need to be trained at specific levels and then they should be given a task to see whether they can fulfil it. These benefits are long termed benefits as the company not only makes profit at the front face to face communication but the technology they are learning can bring them so much to know for the future use as well. Companies can enhance and expand their businesses out of the countries and can multiply with the advanced and developed procedure they have to follow. These are the benefits which they can avail from TD, so it is good to spend on such process. Be able to review how people are managed within organisations People management strategies. The strategy which involves management of people in an organization is known as people management strategy. this strategy enables an organization to work for better results by managing people according to their skills and requirements. The company has to look to this that the individual which is chosen for a job is best suitable for that place if not he should be given other responsibilities. In this way the company allows to get the room for making progress. These strategies need to be in placed as to avoid any circumstances of situation which will arise due to mismanagement of people or human resources. So people management strategies must be in place within developed organizations. Impact on people of management strategies used. The individuals do take impact from these strategies. These impacts can be identified such as if the individual is placed in the position which is best suited for him he definitely would work best to his aptitude as that position is best suited for him. His skills will replenish more in that place and he will eventually get the best outcome for the organization, which at the end going to make profit out of it. Also management strategies help people remain under influence of a leadership as the employee knows that he has to follow these specific procedures which is defined by the higher management so all the points and duties are made clear to the employees. In this way all the work gets handled perfectly without any hap hazards. Sometimes people get a negative impact as well and think that they have the potential of working in a higher place and they have been given a wrong position to work at in such a situation they get demotivated towards their work and sometime can produce losses to the organizations as well. In these kinds of scenarios management needs to handle them with the tests on the basis where everyone is given equal rights and whoever succeeds will get the position and will be able to work at it. Through these strategies people feels a sense of responsibilities on their shoulders and they think of themselves as the stakeholders and work like as they are working for themselves and are making profit for their own good not for the company. This thinking should be in the employee mind so that the potential they have can be bring out and the organizations can make it work in the best possible way. These can be the impacts which people mostly gain from the management strategies when it gets implemented on them. Recommend strategies to support high levels of performance. Implementation of right strategy helps an organization from getting out of financial crises or any kind of crises they are facing. The strategies which support high performance includes two way communications, this is the communication between the employee and the manager or the CEO. If the communication gap will be low and the meetings or lectures will be done on regular basis this will help the employee get to know the strategy of the companys stakeholders and through this they can put their potential to work in a better way. The other strategy could be strengthening employs engagement to work; this can be achieved by giving training in a field where he lacks and by also making him understand the situation through which the company is going in order to make him work accordingly to achieve the targeted results. The employee can be motivated and engaged more towards work if he will receive incentives and rewards for doing the job he is responsible for. In such situations the companys sets up a strategy of getting this much targeted clients in return the employee get reward for doing his job well. The strategy which is most important is that the managers and leaders should have the skills and knowledge of dragging the situations out of the uncertainty. This is very important, for example if an organization is getting towards the verge of destruction the manager should have skills so to avoid the loss and can be able to manage to the extend where the company has to face the minimum loss. This strategy can help enable the performance level which can in any case save the organization from having a down fall. All the responsibilities finally come to the shoulders of the manager so this is the position which should be offered to the highly competent individual who has the courage to face all even and odds. These are the strategies which can bring about high level of performance from individuals and from the management as well (PACONSULTING 2012).

Literature Review On Remote Sensing Environmental Sciences Essay

Literature Review On Remote Sensing Environmental Sciences Essay Remote sensing is the science or art of acquiring information about the Earths surface without actually being in contact with it. This is done by sensing and recording reflected or emitted energy and processing, analyzing, and applying that information. In much of remote sensing, the process involves an interaction between incident radiation and the targets of interest. (Dr. S. M. Rahman, 2001). Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data on dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing applications include monitoring deforestation  in areas such as the  Amazon Basin,  glacial  features in Arctic and Antarctic regions, and  depth sounding  of coastal and ocean depths. Military collection during the  Cold War  made use of stand-off collection of data about dangerous border areas. Remote sensing also replaces costly and slow data collection on the ground, ensuring in the process that areas or objects are not disturbed. Remote sensing exceedingly influences everyday life, ranging from  weather forecasts  to reports on  climate change  or  natural disasters. As an example, 80% of the German students use the services of  Google Earth. (Wikipedia, 2012) In recent time, with mans increasing interventions with the environment, the situation is aggravated. The quality of available data is extremely uneven. Land use planning based on unreliable data can lead to costly and gross errors. Soil erosion research is a capital-intensive and time-consuming exercise. Global extrapolation on the basis of few data collected by diverse and non-standardized methods can lead to gross errors and it can also lead to costly mistakes and misjudgements on critical policy issues. So, remote sensing provides convenient solution for this problem. Moreover, voluminous data gathered with the help of remote sensing techniques are batter handled and utilized with the help of Geographical Information System (GIS). (M. H. Mohamed Rinos, 2000) There are two different approaches that can be adopted for determining the characteristics of landslide from remote sensing data. The first approach determines more qualitative characteristics such as number, distribution, type and character of debris flow. This can be achieved with either satellite or air borne imagery collected in the visible and infrared regions of the spectrum. The next approach complements the qualitative characterization, estimating dimensions (e.g. length, width, thickness and local slope, motion, and debris distribution) along and across the mass movement. (V. Singhroy, 2004) Literature Review on Geographical Information System (GIS) Geographical Information System (GIS) is used to arrange the computer hardware, software, and geographic data. It helps the people interact, analyze, identify relationship and find the solutions to the problems. The system is designed to capture, store, update, manipulate, analyze, and display studied data and used to perform analyses (ESRI, 2005). Since 1970s, GIS has been used to analyze various environments. But the extensive application of GIS to hydrologic and hydraulic modeling and flood mapping and management begin from early 1990s. (Maidment, 2000). GIS has the ability to represent elevation in terms of topographic surfaces is central to geomorphological analyses and thus to the importance of representing topography using Digital Elevation Model (DEM). It is through the distribution of soil that the land surface changes over the long term and so the ability to link sediment transfer with DEM changes. (Schmidt, 2000) ArcView GIS desktop software provided the tools of map features that will affect a propertys value such as crime rates, environmental hazards, and the condition of surrounding neighborhoods and properties. ESRIs ArcGIS is a GIS which is working with maps and geographic information. ArcGIS software can be used for following functions: creating and using maps, compiling geographic data, analyzing mapped information, sharing and discovering geographic information, using maps and geographic information in a range of applications, and managing geographic information in database. (Wikipedia, ArcGIS, 2012). The ArcGIS provides tools for constructing maps and geographic information. Literature review on soil erosion Soil erosion is one form of soil degradation along with soil compaction, low organic matter, and loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinization, and soil acidity problems (Wall, 2003). When the degradation of the soil is getting serious, it will contribute in accelerate the soil erosion. Soil erosion is a natural process; it usually does not cause any major problem to the environment. The soil is carried by the agents such as wind, water, ice, animals, and the use of tools by man. Soil erosion is a very slow process and even unnoticeable sometime, but it may occur at an alarming rate which causing the loss of topsoil. Farmers worldwide are losing about 24 billion tonnes of topsoil each year. In developing countries, because of the population pressure forces land to be more intensively farmed, the erosion rates per acre are twice as high as the standard. The soil erosion also will affect the productivity and growth. This is because when the soils are depleted and crops receive poor nourishment from the soil, the food provides poor nourishment to people. The rate of losses soil is faster than the creation of new soil. The difference between creation and loss represents an annual loss of 7.5 to 10 tonnes per acre worldwide. (DeHaan, 1992) The eroded soil that enters watercourse will reduce the water quality, reduces the efficiency of the particulars drainage system and also decreases the storage capacity of lakes. Sediment is the eroded soil that settles in the water systems. Accumulation of the sediment will reduce the capacity of a river or reservoirs to hold flood water. Thus, it requires a lot of money to clean the sediment often and manually. Sediment also can block the sunlight for aquatic plant and inhibit fish spawning. The water becomes not safe for drinking if there is runoff of chemical and nutrients from surrounding farmers fields. In Malaysia, soil erosion is a common natural occurrence. This is due to particular topography, soils and corresponding vegetation that predominate and the extensive rainfall that the country experiences. However, accelerated soil erosion is becoming a serious problem in Malaysia because of rapid land use developments. Various forms of erosion control have been proposed to develop the land in ways that are sensitive to its geography. (Abdullah, 2005) Literature review on Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation The development of Universal Soil Loss Equation (ULSE) initially was to assist soil conservationists in farm planning. They used ULSE to estimate the soil loss on specific slopes in specific fields. USLE was a guide for the conservationist and farmer to control the erosion if the estimated soil loss exceeded acceptable limits. Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is a science tool that has been improved over the last several years. It is based on USLE and makes some improvement on the equation. The RULSE has improved the effects of soil roughness and the effect of local weather on the prediction of soil loss and sediment delivery. (Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation, 2003). RUSLE can be used for site evaluation and planning purposes and to aid in the decision in selecting erosion control measure. The RUSLE provides numbers to substantiate the benefits of planned erosion control measures and also an estimate of severity of erosion. A = R.K.LS.C.P A is annual soil loss (tonnes/ha/year). R is rainfall erosivity factor. It is an erosion index for the given storm period (MJ.mm/ha/h) K is soil erodibility factor. It is the erosion rate for a specific soil continuous fallow condition on a 9% slope having a length of 22.1m (tonnes/ha/(MJ.mm/ha/h)) LS are topographic factor. It represents the slope length and the slope steepness. It represents the ratio of the soil loss from a specific site to that from a unit site (9% slope with slope length 22.1m) while other parameters are held constant. C is the cover management factor. It represents the protective coverage of canopy and organic material in direct contact with the ground. P is the support practice factor. It includes the soil conservation operations and other measure of control erosion. Literature review on USLE and RUSLE Table 2.1 Comparison of USLE and RUSLE (Renard, 1991) Factor USLE RUSLE R Based on long term average rainfall conditions for specific geographic areas Data from more weather stations and thus the value are more precise for any given location. RUSLE computes a correction to R. This is to reflect the effect of raindrop impact for flat slopes striking water ponded on the surface. K Based on soil texture, organic matter content, permeability, and other factors inherent to soil type. Adjusted to account for seasonal changes such as freezing and thawing, soil moisture, and soil consolidation. LS Based on length and steepness of slope, regardless of land use. Assigning new equations based on the ratio of rill to interrill erosion, and accommodates complex slopes. C Based on cropping sequence, surface residue, surface roughness, and canopy cover, with are weighted by the percentage. Lumps these factor into a table of soil loss ratios, by crop and tillage scheme. Sub factors (prior land use, canopy cover, surface cover, surface roughness, and soil moisture) are used. Dividing each year into rotation of 15 day intervals, then calculate the soil loss ratio for each period. The value need to recalculate if one of the sub factors change. RUSLE provides improved estimates of soil loss changes as they occur throughout the year, especially relating to surface and near surface residue and the effects of climate on residue decomposition. P Values change depending on the slope ranges with some distinction for various ridge heights. It is based on installation of practices that slow runoff and thus reduce soil movement. Values are based on hydrologic soil groups, slope, row grade, ridge height, and the 10 year single storm erosion index value. In RUSLE, it computes the effect of strip-cropping based on the transport capacity of flow in dense strips relative to the amount of sediment reaching the strip. The P factor for conservation planning considers the amount and location of deposition. Literature review on landslide Landslides are a type of soil erosion and major natural geological hazards. Each year, the landslide is responsible for enormous property damage which involves both direct and indirect costs. Malaysia experience frequent landslides. According to the local newspaper report in the years 2006-2009, along east coast highways in Peninsular Malaysia, in Sabah (East Malaysia) and in the island state of Penang, heavy rainfalls triggered landslides and mud flows. (Pradhan, 2009) Landslides happen when there are changes from a stable to an unstable condition in the stability of a slope. There are natural causes and human causes which contributing to a change in the stability of a slope. Natural causes of landslides include: Groundwater (pore water) pressure acting to destabilize the slope Loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure, soil nutrients and soil structure Erosion of the toe of a slope by rivers or ocean waves Weakening of a slope through saturation by snowmelt, glaciers melting, or heavy rains Earthquakes adding loads to barely table slope Earthquake-caused liquefaction destabilizing slopes Volcanic eruptions Landslides that are due to human causes are: Deforestation, cultivation and construction, which destabilize the already fragile slope Vibrations from machinery or traffic Blasting Earthwork which alters the shape of a slope, or which imposes new loads on existing slope In shallow soils, the removal of deep-rooted vegetation that bind colluvium to bedrock Construction, agricultural or forestry activities which change the amount of water which infiltrates the soil. (Wikipedia, 2012) Landslides in Malaysia are mainly triggered by tropical rainfall and flash floods. The rainfall and floods cause the rock to fail along fracture, joint and cleavage planes. The geology of Malaysia is quite stable but continuous development and urbanization lead to deforestation and erosion of the covering soil layers thus causing serious threats to the slopes (Pradhan, 2007). Abandoned project at hill sites for a certain period which affecting the maintenance of the slopes could causing the slopes to collapse. List of landslide events happened in Malaysia: 1 May 1961 A landslide occurred in  Ringlet,  Cameron Highlands,  Pahang. 21 October 1993 The man-made  Pantai Remis landslide  caused a new  cove  to be formed in the coastline. 11 December 1993 48 people were killed when a block of the  Highland Towers collapsed  at  Taman Hillview,  Ulu Klang,  Selangor. 30 June 1995 20 people were killed in the landslide at  Genting Highlands slip road  near  Karak Highway. 6 January 1996 A landslide in the  North-South Expressway  (NSE) near  Gua Tempurung,  Perak. 29 August 1996 A mudflow near Pos Dipang  Orang Asli  settlement in  Kampar,  Perak, 44 people were killed in this tragedy. 15 May 1999 A landslide near  Bukit Antarabangsa,  Ulu Klang,  Selangor. Most of the  Bukit Antarabangsa  civilians were trapped. 20 November 2002 The  bungalow  of the  Affin Bank  chairman General (RtD) Tan Sri Ismail Omar collapse causing landslide in  Taman Hillview,  Ulu Klang,  Selangor. December 2003 A rockfall in the  New Klang Valley Expressway  (NKVE) near the  Bukit Lanjan  interchange caused the expressway to close for more than six months. 31 May 2006 Four persons were killed in the  landslides  at Kampung Pasir, Ulu Klang, Selangor. 26 December 2007 Two villagers were buried alive in a major landslide, which destroyed nine wooden houses in Lorong 1, Kampung Baru Cina,  Kapit,  Sarawak. 12 February 2009 one contract worker was killed in a landslide at the construction site for a 43-storey condominium in  Bukit Ceylon,  Kuala Lumpur. 21 May 2011 16 people mostly 15 children and a caretaker of an orphanage were killed in a  landslide caused by heavy rains  at the Childrens Hidayah Madrasah Al-Taqwa orphanage in FELCRA Semungkis,  Hulu Langat,  Selangor. (Wikipedia, 2012) A scientific analyses of landslides need to be carry out to predict landslide-susceptible areas, and thus reduce landslide damages through proper preparation and mitigation. So, understanding landslides and preventing them is a serious challenge across worldwide. Literature review on past research and studies TITLE The application of GIS-based logistic regression for landslide susceptibility mapping in the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains, Central Japan AUTHOR, YEAR Lulseged Ayalew, Hiromitsu Yamagishi, 2005 STUDY AREA Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains and their surroundings. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To study the landslide risk around the Kakuda-Yahiko Mountains. To study the use of logistic regression. To demonstrate the combination bivariate statistical analyses (BSA) to simplify the interpretation of the model. METHODOLOGY / METHOD Analytical approaches In LR or even in linear regression, it does little good to combine data with different measuring scales. Make sure that data have been normalized in a manner LR needs. Failure to do so generally leads to problems during the interpretation of the final results. Statistical results Overall model statistics of the regression conducted in this study using IDRISI. Coefficient positive indicating that they are positively related to the probability of landslide formation through the log transformation. Prediction probabilities and the construction of the susceptibility map In addition to the model statistics and coefficients, the final result of the regression process in IDRISI is a predicted map of probability defined by numbers that are constrained to fall between 0 and 1. The more these numbers are close to 1, the better they indicate the likelihood of finding the mapped landslides. Depending on the independent parameters considered, the landslide inventory map and the statistical approach used, the best predictor parameters and the predicted probability map of a logistic regression can vary considerably. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT Landslides are portrayed according to the types of movements namely slide, fall, flow, spread and topple. The principle of logistic regression (LR) rests on the analysis of a problem, in which a result measured with dichotomous variables such as 0 and 1 or true and false, is determined from one or more independent factors. TITLE Assessment of soil erosion and sediment delivery ratio using remote sensing and GIS AUTHOR, YEAR Weifeng ZHOU and Bingfang WU, 2008 STUDY AREA Upstream Chaobaihe River catchment, north China. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To develop monitoring of soil losses in the upstream Chaobaihe River Catchment. To develop a model by using Geographic Information System tools. To compute sediment delivery ratio (SDR) per hydrological unit. METHODOLOGY / METHOD Data Collection Remote sensing data, digital elevation model (DEM), and land use and land cover GIS data were used. Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) Simple empirical model, based on regression analyses of soil loss rates on erosion plots in the USA. The model is designed to estimate long-term annual erosion rates for agricultural fields. A = R ·K ·L ·S ·C A represents mean (annual) soil loss, R is the rainfall erosive factor, K is the soil erosibility factor, L is the slope factor, S is the slope length factor, and C is the cover management factor. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT The work indicated there are a number of advantages in using the modified USLE equation including the ability to combine it with a raster-based GIS to produce a cell-by-cell basis for mapping spatial patterns of soil erosion rates. The advantage of using a GIS raster based framework is that it allows one to quantify the impact of a single factor on the overall result and it can also easily be updated with improved datasets. TITLE Soil erosion hazard evaluation An integrated use of remote sensing, GIS and statistical approaches with biophysical parameters towards management strategies AUTHOR, YEAR Md. Rejaur Rahman, Z.H. Shi, Cai Chongfa, 2009 STUDY AREA Within the Danjiangkou County, with an area of 3115.58 km2 and located in the north-western part of Hubei province of China. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To develope numerical model for soil erosion hazard assessment Tto analyze soil erosion by attempting to estimate the volumes or masses of soil loss METHODOLOGY / METHOD Analysis of study area The selected area is within the Danjiangkou County, with an area of 3115.58 km2 and located in the north-western part of Hubei province of China. Sandy clay loam, silt loam and sandy loam on the study area play a dominant role in soil erosion by water. Data acquisition and preparation Prepare and analyze the different types of data in soil erosion prediction and hazard assessment as there are many factors that affect soil erosion status. Soil erosion estimation Models are needed to predict soil erosion rates under different resource and land-use conditions. Empirical erosion prediction models continue to play an important role in soil conservation planning and are widely used to predict soil erosion. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT The Z-score analysis with GIS and selected parameters, provided a hazard assessment of soil erosion of the area. The methodology of combining the Z-score with GIS provided an improved method for the synthetic evaluation of soil erosion hazard, which extended the GIS capability of spatial analysis and the Z-score capability of multi-layer analysis. TITLE Spatial Prediction of Landslide Hazard Using Discriminant Analysis AUTHOR, YEAR Peter V. Gorsevski, Paul Gessler, Randy B. Foltz, 2000 STUDY AREA Rocky Point, a small watershed of the Clearwater River Basin in central Idaho. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To study the concept of Discriminant Analysis and GIS. To analyze the landslide hazard area on Rocky Point. METHODOLOGY / METHOD Principal Component Analysis (PCA) Help to analyze the multivariate data set. Discriminant Analysis Classify presence and absence of landslides using principal component scores. Discriminant analysis is a multivariate technique that is used to build rules that can classify landslide hazard into appropriate class. Cross-validation Estimate the probabilities of misclassification. Cross-validation method removes each observation vector from the calibration data set at a time, forms the discriminant rule based on all the remaining data to classify the removed observation, and notes whether the observation is correctly classified. GIS provided a detailed basis for spatial prediction of landslide hazard. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT Hazard map generated. Graph of multivariate normal probability plot for the principal component scores. TITLE Remote sensing and GIS-based landslide hazard analysis and cross-validation using multivariate logistic regression model on three test areas in Malaysia. AUTHOR, YEAR Biswajeet Pradhan, 2010 STUDY AREA Penang, Cameron and Selangor. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To generate cross-validation of a multivariate logistic regression model using remote sensing and GIS for landslide hazard analysis. METHODOLOGY / METHOD Data and material Interpreting aerial photographs and satellite images (SPOT 5 and Landsat TM) of study area. These aerial photographs were taken during 1981-2006 and were acquired from Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency data archives. Data analysis using ARC/INFO GIS software package and a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was constructed. These data are related to the primary e ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ects (impact of debris or inclusion of a ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ected site from previously occurred landslides) of a wide variety of landslide types Model Approaching Traditional approach using a multivariate logistic regression model implemented in a GIS framework. The landslide hazard analysis is a function of a variety of variables that include slope, aspect, curvature, topography, distance from drainage, land cover, soil texture and types, geology and distance from lineament, rainfall precipitation, and the normalized di ¬Ã¢â€š ¬erence vegetation index (ndvi) The coefficient applied to the study area, for landslide hazard mapping. Multivariate logistic regression model Easier to use than discriminant analysis when have a mixture of numerical and categorical regressors , because it includes procedures for generating the necessary dummy variable automatically. Application of multivariate logistic regression model on landslide hazard mapping. Validation of the model. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT The validation results showed a satisfying agreement between the hazard maps and the landslide locations verified in the field. TITLE GIS Application in Landslide Hazard Analysis AUTHOR, YEAR Chyi-Tyi Lee, 2009 STUDY AREA Shihmen Reservoir Catchment Area in Northern Taiwan. OBJECTIVE / CONCEPT To analyze the landslide hazard area using GIS application. METHODOLOGY / METHOD Image and data collection The basic data utilized included a 5m x 5m grid DEM, SPOT5 images, 1/500 photo-based contour maps, 1/50000 geologic maps and hourly rainfall data. Establish of event-based landslide inventory To develop susceptibility model, only considered new landslides triggered by typhoons. Landslides triggered by Typhoon Aere were interpreted and delineated by comparing SPOT5 images taken before and after thetyphoon. Determination of causative factors and triggering factors These factors are then statistically tested and y effective factors selected for susceptibility analysis. 10 factors are selected: Lithology, slope gradient, NDVI, slope roughness, profile curvature, total slope height, relative slope height, topographic wetness index, distance to a fault, maximum rainfall intensity. Analysis Construction of model via logistic regression. Logistic regression to determine a linear function of factors for interpreting the landslide distribution from a set of training data. The linear function is used to calculate the landslide susceptibility index (LSI) for each cell. The LSI used to establish a probability of failure to LSI curve and determine the spatial probability of landslide occurrence at each cell. Landslide susceptibility mapping The landslide hazard area could be for the prediction of future landslides providing a scenario rainfall distribution is given. OUTPUT / SUMMARY / RESULT Successfully predict landslide location, area and volume in a drainage basin or catchment area using GIS.

Makeup for Performers :: Drama

Makeup for Performers --------------------- Aging with Grease Makeup. There are a lot of makeup's you can use to produce an aging affect, but I decided to use grease. The grease makeup I used was a skin tone palate by Kryolan. Before doing any makeup techniques I studied the shape and size of my bone structure and my facial features, this is so I knew where to shade and highlight. To create the aging affect I practiced shading and highlighting both on my hand and my face, to do this I used a small-medium sized brush. After a number of sessions practicing the highlighting and shading, on the 18th of February I applied the makeup to be photographed and assessed. Before applying the makeup I cleansed my face with a light cleanser by No7 for normal skin. I then applied a toner, also by No7 for normal skin, and then finally applied a moisturizer from The Body Shop for normal to greasy skin. I left the moisturizer on my skin for 10 minutes to make sure there won't be any staining on the skin from the makeup. I applied the base makeup to the face and the neck; I applied it to the neck as it is an important part of the aging process. The colour I used for my base makeup was 5w in the Kryolan skin tone palate, and I used a laytex sponge to apply. I then started by put my shading lines on to my face, using a mix of shades, 7w and 9w. I started by making some bags and darkened areas around the eyes; I did this by drawing a thin line under the eye then, with a clean brush, dragging the excess makeup up towards the eye darkening the area. To make areas look puffy, I highlighted around the shading areas to make the shaded area look more indented. To do this I used the shade 2w from my palate. The neck is an important part in the aging process especially when the character is warring a low neck top. To draw in the ham-strings I put my head down and turned it to the side so the ham-strings stuck out. I then drew in my lines, shading the lines and then highlighting the part in between the lines so the shaded area looked indented. If the character is warring a low cut top, then you will have to carry the lines down to the top of the shoulder bone, also shading the salt cellars at the base of the throat. To make the eye brows look messy and unplucked, I used an eye pencil Makeup for Performers :: Drama Makeup for Performers --------------------- Aging with Grease Makeup. There are a lot of makeup's you can use to produce an aging affect, but I decided to use grease. The grease makeup I used was a skin tone palate by Kryolan. Before doing any makeup techniques I studied the shape and size of my bone structure and my facial features, this is so I knew where to shade and highlight. To create the aging affect I practiced shading and highlighting both on my hand and my face, to do this I used a small-medium sized brush. After a number of sessions practicing the highlighting and shading, on the 18th of February I applied the makeup to be photographed and assessed. Before applying the makeup I cleansed my face with a light cleanser by No7 for normal skin. I then applied a toner, also by No7 for normal skin, and then finally applied a moisturizer from The Body Shop for normal to greasy skin. I left the moisturizer on my skin for 10 minutes to make sure there won't be any staining on the skin from the makeup. I applied the base makeup to the face and the neck; I applied it to the neck as it is an important part of the aging process. The colour I used for my base makeup was 5w in the Kryolan skin tone palate, and I used a laytex sponge to apply. I then started by put my shading lines on to my face, using a mix of shades, 7w and 9w. I started by making some bags and darkened areas around the eyes; I did this by drawing a thin line under the eye then, with a clean brush, dragging the excess makeup up towards the eye darkening the area. To make areas look puffy, I highlighted around the shading areas to make the shaded area look more indented. To do this I used the shade 2w from my palate. The neck is an important part in the aging process especially when the character is warring a low neck top. To draw in the ham-strings I put my head down and turned it to the side so the ham-strings stuck out. I then drew in my lines, shading the lines and then highlighting the part in between the lines so the shaded area looked indented. If the character is warring a low cut top, then you will have to carry the lines down to the top of the shoulder bone, also shading the salt cellars at the base of the throat. To make the eye brows look messy and unplucked, I used an eye pencil

Urban Legend of Car Headlights Essay -- Urban Legends

Lights Out In preparation for this writing assignment, I interviewed about 15 students at the University to collect their urban legends. One legend, often called â€Å"Lights Out,† was mentioned by just about all of the students I interviewed. Those who did not mention it on their own recognized it when I described it. I interviewed a 19-year-old male sophomore who anticipates getting into the School of Business. He transferred from Community College this past fall, and currently lives with a relative in a nearby off-campus home. He went to a small Catholic high school. He recalls first hearing this legend early in high school, probably between freshman and sophomore year. After telling him the purpose of the interview, I began the conversation by asking if he knew any urban legends, to which he replied: Ummm, maybe (pensive)†¦ you mean like the gang killer story? (looks excited)... It’s something like, (change to more serious tone) if you see a car driving on the road, coming toward you with no headlights on, and you flash your headlights at them, they will turn around and chase you down and kill you†¦ I think gangs really do that though (slight smile), so I guess it’s a non-urban legend. He told me the story rather quickly, but in an uncharacteristically serious tone, and maintained eye contact during the performance. The story he told is not really very long or involved with characters and exact places, but I interpret that as an element that makes the story more likely to circulate, since the lack of specificity implies it could happen to anyone, anywhere. Normally, this individual cannot say a single sentence without laughing, joking, or including some kind of sarcasm, but his tone while he quickly reviewed this ... ...ecause those who do get screwed.† It could mean that people who worry about the safety of others instead of their own are at the greatest risk. Works Cited Armstrong, David. (1994, January 23). "Police label gang story a hoax; Rumors of motorists killed in initiation rite spread from coast to coast." The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 7, 2006 from LexisNexis; keyword â€Å"gang headlights legend.† Emery, David. â€Å"Flash Your Headlights and Die!, Netlore Archive: Resurgence of a terrifying urban legend about aspiring gang members opening fire on oncoming drivers who innocently flashed their headlights† (10 paragraphs). Retrieved April 7, 2006 from http://www.urbanlegends.about.com/library/blbyol.htm. Mikkelson, Barbara. (2005, October 29). â€Å"Lights Out!† (31 paragraphs). Retrieved April 7, 2006 from http://www.snopes.com/horrors/madmen/lightsout.asp.

Moments of My Life

Moment Of My Life Life is not made up of minutes, hours, days, weeks, months or years, but of moments. You must experience each one before you can learn how to live it. Well, can't but agree with that. If I was asked to describe the meaning of the word â€Å"life†, I would compare it with making a movie which consists of enormous amount of shots. Each of these reflects a separate and unique moment, which can be happy, touching to the core of your heart, those which make you laugh, shiver or even cry.Absolutely, these moments happen to each of us every day. Some of them we forget as fast as they happen, but others will stay in our heart and mind for the lifetime. I was given an opportunity to describe the very special moment of my life. The moment that changed it, that shook me and turned my world upside down. It was an early morning when my mom was seeing me off at the airport. We were sitting in the cafeteria holding hands and looking at each other without saying a single wor d.I could see tears in her eyes. She looked worried, upset and proud of me at the same time. It's not easy to let your still little daughter go on her first flight to unknown far-far away country and being aware of that you won't see her In the next couple of years. The emotions were overwhelming me. I was terrified and full of courage, worried and excited, already missed my family but couldn't wait to take off. And here I was making a small step out of the plane In New York but a gigantic one Into my new future.Being out of reach for my old world I was dragging through the crowded airport seeking for the familiar face of my only friend in this big apple. Had no back up plan on my mind because I am absolutely convinced that If you are making a change up In your life you should just go for it without any thought of drawing back. My friend was standing in front of me. I was still speechless of everything going on around but so happy to meet the only connection with the new world. It w as late at night.I remember getting off Penn Station and walking couple off blocks to take the other train. It seems pretty funny right now but that time I was wondering if it is ever going to be able to understand the subway map and the endless routes of trains. I can't but say that this thought left my head immediately. After I found myself I the middle of the street surrounded by the impressive skyscrapers being such a contrast to each other, the flow of people still rushing somewhere or Just walking around and so much light that made the streets look like it's a day time.That very second my inner soul and me realized it was my new home. This city with millions of people, great and Inspiring architecture, but tons of garbage In the streets and smell of food trucks is my new world where I want to be, want to find myself and settle down. New York is the city where everyone is equal at the start line. I am sure that this great city can teach you to live your life, to be always In mo tion, to see good and bad more clear, to catch every opportunity that comes your way and to appreciate the certain things when you have them.While talking about me I would say that despite the fact I was terrified at the beginning of what was going to happen to me next I was totally happy and grateful to my life for giving me this chance and experience of all those great feelings and moments. BY pituitary You must experience each one before you can learn how to live it. Well, I can't but agree with that. If I was asked to describe the meaning of the word â€Å"life†, I would country and being aware of that you won't see her in the next couple of years. The excited, already missed my family but couldn't wait to take off.And here I was making a small step out of the plane in New York but a gigantic one into my new future. Seeking for the familiar face of my only friend in this big apple. I had no back up plan on my mind because I am absolutely convinced that if you are making a change up in your life you should Just go for it without any thought of drawing back. My friend was inspiring architecture, but tons of garbage in the streets and smell of food trucks is teach you to live your life, to be always in motion, to see good and bad more clear, to

Ptlls Level 3 Theory Assessment 1

UNIT 1 PTLLS LEVEL 3 THEORY ASSESSMENT (1) / JOHN A F BRADY @ MERCIA 2011 Describe what your role, responsibilities and boundaries would be as a teacher in terms of the teaching / training cycle. The role of the teacher is to facilitate the learning aims of the taught group on behalf of them and their service provider. Examples of overall learning aims include the passing of knowledge-based examinations, the demonstration of a skill or competency and, in some cases, a combination of all such elements. The teacher’s responsibilities are a set of specific actions grouped to achieve desired learning outcomes. These responsibilities cover two distinct areas, namely the pastoral and the pedagogic. The former includes student health & safety and behaviour management, the latter teaching methods and student engagement. In this context, the term ‘boundaries’ describes the social contract between the service provider, teacher and learner group. Boundaries are concerned, for example, with service limits and the establishment and policing of codes of conduct. The teaching/training cycle is comprised of five activities, namely:- (i) the identification of needs, (ii) lesson planning and design, (iii) teaching the lesson and the facilitation of learning, (iv) assessing learner achievements, and (v) evaluating the contribution made of the teaching methods used. Identifying needs combines data collected before student induction, e. g. returned application forms and observations made at induction, e. g. during ice-breaker activity. My specialism of teaching adults English as a foreign language needs to ascertain a student’s ability to listen, read, talk and write. My role here includes assessing whether a student’s subject ability is appropriate or would be better addressed in a ‘special needs’ context. My understanding of the material and institutional teaching environments will also inform how best to cater for students with mobility issues/learning difficulties. Design and planning concerns the pedagogic and the pastoral. For the former, a series of lesson plans need to be devised to enable students to learn the syllabus content required by the awarding authority. Pastoral activities include social and institutional induction, e. g. ice-breakers, site-tours, H&S and other professional/legal requirements. A lesson is taught by the teacher and learnt by the student. A teaching responsibility is to gain insight into student ways of learning and to adjustdelivery to further facilitate learning. Consideration of inclusivity, diversity, behaviour and student inter-action will also improve teaching/learning performance. Assessing adults learning English as a foreign language is a challenge. The teacher needs to use proceedures as laid down but remain flexible enough to guage nuances between those whose vocal skills may disguise poor written skills vice versa. Assessment must be systematic, collated and intelligible to others. Evaluation likewise should be systematic and collated with clearly defined outcomes. Student feedback, CPD and self assessment are critical for the improvement of teaching performance and learning outcomes. (Recommended 300 – 500, actual 429 words,excluding titles)