Equivalence in Translation Essay Example for Free

Equivalence in interpreting Essay master keyly, however, the term version is confined to the write, and the term interpretation to the spoken (Newmark, 1991 35). If confined to a compose dustup, shift is a cover term with ternary distinguishable meanings 1) translating, the mental process (to translate the activity rather than the tangible object), 2) a edition the product of the process of translating (e. g. the translated textbook), and 3) translation the abstract concept which encompasses both the process of translating and the product of that process Bell (1991 13).The term translation used and discussed throughout this paper is confined to the pen language, and refers to both the product and process of translating. The definitions of translation suggested above imply that producing the aforementioned(prenominal) meaning or message in the target language text as intended by the original author is the main objective of a translator. This notion of sameness is often understood as an equivalence relation amid the citation and target texts.This equivalence relation is generally considered the most salient feature of a quality translation. 2. Problems of Equivalence The principle that a translation should withstand an equivalence relation with the source language text is problematic. in that respect are three main reasons why an exact equivalence or effect is surd to turn over. Firstly, it is impossible for a text to take on constant interpretations even for the same person on two occasions (Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995 14).According to these translation scholars before hotshot could objectively assess textual effects, one would need to have recourse to a fairly detailed and exact supposition of psychological effect, a theory capable, among other things, of giving an account of the aesthetic sensations that are often paramount in response to a text (Hervey, Higgins and Haywood (1995 14). Secondly, translat ion is a matter of subjective interpretation of translators of the source language text. Thus, producing an objective effect on the target text readers, which is the same as that on the source text readers is an unrealistic expectation.Thirdly, it whitethorn not be possible for translators to determine how audiences responded to the source text when it was first produced (ibid, p. 14). Miao (2000) gives a specific example of the impossibility of the equivalence relation If an original was written centuries ago and the language of the original is difficult to comprehend for modern readers, then a simplified translation may well have greater equal on its readers that the original had on the readers in the source culture.No translator would hinder the readers comprehension by using absolute demonstrations in order to achieve equal effect (Miao, 2000 202) Because the target text can never be equivalent to the source text at all levels, researchers have distinguished dist inct types of equivalence (Lauscher, 2000 151). Nida (1964) suggests formal and dynamic or functional equivalence. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. It requires that the message in the target language should match as closely as possible the different elements in the source language (p.159).Dynamic equivalence is based on the principle of equivalent effect, where the relationship between the receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptors and the message (p. 159). Newmark (1981) makes a musical note between communicative and semantic translation. Like Nidas dynamic equivalence, communicative translation as well as tries to create the effect on the target text reader which is the same as that received by readers of the source language text.Koller (1997) proposes denotative, connotative, pragmatic, textual, formal and aesthetic equivalence. Munday (2001) describes the se five different types of equivalence as follows 1. Denotative equivalence is related to equivalence of the extralinguistic content of a text. 2. Connotative equivalence is related to the lexical choices, especially between near-synonyms. 3. Text-normative equivalence is related to text types, with texts behaving in different ways. 4. hard-nosed equivalence, or communicative equivalence, is oriented towards the receiver of the text or message. 5.Formal equivalence is related to the form and aesthetics of the text, includes enunciate plays and the individual stylistic features of the source text (p. 47). Baker (1992) classifies various problems of equivalence in translation and suggests some strategies to deal with them. Adopting a bottom-up approach, she begins with simple book of accounts and articulates and continues with grammatical, textual and pragmatic equivalences. 3. Strategies to work problems of equivalence As has been mentioned above, problems of equ ivalence occur at various levels, ranging from word to textual level.The equivalence problems emerge due to semantic, socio-cultural, and grammatical differences between the source language and the target language. These three areas of equivalence problems are intertwined with one another. The meaning(s) that a word refers to are culturally bound, and in most cases the meaning(s) of a word can solitary(prenominal) be understood through its context of use. Due to semantic, socio-cultural, grammatical differences between the source language and the target language, red and concomitant of info in translation cannot be excludeed.Basnett-McGuire (1991) states that once the principle is accepted that sameness cannot exist between the two languages, it is possible to approach the motility of loss and gain in the translation process (p. 30). Bell (1991 6) suggests a similar point that something is always lost or, one might suggest, gained in the process, and jibe to Nida (19 75), all types of translation involve 1) loss of information, 2) addition of information, and /or 3) skewing of information (p. 27). To conform to the stylistic demands and grammatical shapes of the target language, structural accommodation in translation is inevitably needed.These possibilities are expanded below. 3. 1 Addition of information Information which is not present in the source language text may be added to the target language text. According to Newmark (1988 91), information added to the translation is normally cultural (accounting for the differences between SL and TL culture), technical (relating to the topic), or linguistic (explaining wayward use of words). The additive information may be empower in the text (i. e. by putting it in brackets) or out of the text (i.e. by using a footnote or annotation).Such additional information is regarded as an extra explanation of culture-specific concepts (Baker, 1992) and is obligatory specification for comprehe nsion purposes. Native speakers of Batak Tapanuli language (the native language of Batak community in North Sumatra), for example, have the word marhusip which literally means to whisper. If the word marhusip is used in the context of discussing marriage within the community in question, its meaning is more than to whisper. It refers specifically to a situation where family members of the bride meet family members of the neaten to talk about the dowry. In the meeting, family members of the bride whisper with one another while deciding the amount of dowry they ask from the groom. Family members of the groom also do they same thing while deciding whether to accept or reject it. In this context, the word marhusip may be translated into to whisper, but additional information to clarify the meaning of marhusip is needed to help target readers understand its underlying concept. Addition of information for specification purposes is also ask if ambiguity occurs in the receptor la nguage formation and if the fact that greater specificity may be required so as to avoid misleading reference (Nida, 1964 227). It would be misleading, for example, if the word men in Tannen is an apologist for men is translated into para pria in Indonesian. The reason is that it does not actually refer to men in general but to American men in particular, who became the focus of Tannens study on male-female interactions.It can be argued that translators should add the word Amerika to the Indonesian version to avoid ambiguity or to avoid a misleading interpretation of the outcomes of the study by Indonesian readers (Nababan, 2003). Amplification from implicit to pellucid status is another factor that requires additions. In relation to this, Nida (1964) states that master(prenominal) semantic elements carried implicitly in the source language may require explicit identification in the receptor language (p. 227).In a prone context, the meaning of the clip, This rule is to r ound to the nearest even number, is implicitly stated and can easily be understood by readers of the original text (See Nababan, 1989 and 1999) If translated into Indonesian, an addition of information of suatu angka yang berada pada dua batas kategori (a number lying between two categories) and alteration of word class (the active verb membulatkan into the passive verb dibulatkan) are required to achieve grammaticality and produce an explicit meaning for Indonesian readers. It is by convention the Indonesian transitive verb membulatkan, as the equivalence of to round, needs an object. In such case, that sentence should be rendered into Target sentence Menurut aturan pembulatan ini, suatu angka yang berada pada batas dua kategori dibulatkan ke angka genap terdekat. Back-translation According to the rule, a number lying between two categories is rounded to the nearest even number. Addition of information may also be required due to the shift of voice and the alteration of word classes to avoid misinterpretation (Nida, 1964 227). The word cut in I cut my finger is an active voice. If translated into Indonesian, the word class should be changed into a passive one, tersayat (was cut) and the addition of oleh pisau (with knife) is needed if a native speaker of Indonesian means that he or she did it by accident. There are also cases where two languages use a different class of words and a different level of utterances to denote the same meaning.The adjective adjustable in I have an adjustable chair is changed or translated into an adjective clause yang dapat disetel (which can be adjusted) in which the addition of yang (which) is obligatory to achieve grammaticality. 3. 2 Deletion of information Baker (1992 40) refers to cutting out as scorn of a lexical item due to grammatical or semantic patterns of the receptor language (Baker, 1992 40). She states further that this strategy may sound rather drastic, but in fact it does no harm to omit translating a word or expression in some contexts.If the meaning conveyed by a particular item or expression is not vital enough to the development of the text to rationalize distracting the reader with lengthy explanations, translators can and often do simply omit translating the word or expression in question (Baker, 1992 40). There are cases where omission is required to avoid redundancy and awkwardness (Nida, 1964 228) and this strategy is particularly applied if the source language tends be a redundant language.The category of plural in English is both morphologically conditioned (e.g. child/children, mouse/mice), and phonologically conditioned (e. g. book/books, box/boxes, pen/pens). In some circumstances, a plural noun is also preceded by a determiner showing plurality (some books, three pens). If the double expression of such category is reflected in Indonesian, redundancy will occur. It is by convention that the category of plural in Indonesian is lexically formed by repetition of the noun buku-buku (book-book) or by adding a noun quantifier such as beberapa (some) or tiga (three).Once a given noun is in the plural form, the quantifier has to be deleted. On the other hand, once there exists a quantifier denoting plurality, the noun in question should be in the singular form or the repetition of the noun should be avoided. As implicitly stated by Baker (1992 40) above, deletion may also refer to pieces of content rather than restructuring for grammatical purposes. Such a deletion of expressions or information is debatable in relation to the translation of donnish texts, however.Anyone who writes an academic text, for example, will not include unimportant information in his or her writing. Similarly, anyone who reads such a text should consider that all information in the text is important. Translators are not an exception they should read the text as the original reader or a non-translator reader reads it. That is to say that this n otion of information deletion should not be used as an excuse to hide the inability of translators to understand and transfer message of the original text. 3.3. Structural adjustment Structural adjustment is another important strategy for achieving equivalence. Structural adjustment which is also called shift (see Catford, 1965) or transposition (see Vinay and Darbellnet, 1977) or alteration (see Newmark, 1988) refers to a change in the grammar from SL to TL (Newmark, 1988 85). Similarly, Bell (1991 6) states that to shift from one language to another is, by definition, to alter the forms. The alteration of form may mean changes of categories, word classes, and word orders.Structural adjustment, according to Nida (1964 226), has various purposes, including 1) to permit adjustment of the form of the message to the requirements of structure of the receptor language, 2) to produce semantically equivalent structures, 3) to provide equivalent stylistic appropriateness, and 4) t o carry an equivalent communication load. Newmark (1988 85-87) divides the shift of forms into four types. One type of shift is the change from singular to plural or in the position of adjective.The position of an adjective in English, for example, may occur before a noun (i.e. a difficult text) or before and after a noun (i. e. a difficult text available in the depository library). An adjective in Indonesian always comes before a noun. Therefore, a difficult text and a difficult text available in the library should be translated into sebuah teks sulit (a difficult text) and sebuah teks sulit yang tersedia di perpustakaan itu (a difficult text which is available in the library or a difficult text available in the library) respectively. A twinkling type of shift is required when a SL grammatical structure does not exist in the TL.In English, for example, cohesive devices such as however and and may be put at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. In Indonesian, such cohesive devices always occur at the beginning of a sentence. The third type of shift is the one where literal translation is grammatically possible but may not accord with inbred usage in the TL. The English sentence The man to whom she is talking on the phone lives in capital of Indonesia can be translated literally into Laki-laki kepada siapa dia sedang berbicara di telepon tinggal di Jakarta. This literal translation is accurate in content but doesnt sound Indonesian .To conform to natural usage in Indonesian, the structure of the sentence should be adjusted into Laki-laki yang sedang berbicara dengannya di telpon tinggal di Jakarta (The man who is talking to her on the phone lives in Jakarta). The fourth type of transposition is the replacement of a virtual lexical gap by a grammatical structure (see Newmark, 1988 87). In addition to the types of alteration described above, alterations of word classes (i. e. shifts from one class of words to another or from word level t o phrase or clause level) are also required due to grammatical differences between the source and target languages.The preposition with in I am married with three young girls is changed into a conjunction dan (and), and the verb mempunyai needs to be added in Indonesian. The prepositional phrase in red in The woman in red is my married woman is altered into an adjective clause yang berbaju merah (who wears the red clothes). References Baker, M. 1992. In Other Words A Coursebook on Translation. capital of the United Kingdom Sage Publication. Bell, R. T. 1991. Translation and TranslatingTheory and Practice. London Longman. Bassnett-McGuire, S. 1991. Translation Studies. New York Methuen Co.Ltd. Catford, J. C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation. London Longman. Hervey, S. , Higgins, I. , and Haywood, L. M. 1995. Thinking Spanish Translation A Course in Translation Method Spanish into English. London New York Routledge. Koller, W. 1995. The concept of equivalence a nd the object of translation studies. Target, 7 (2), 191-222. Miao, J. 2000. The limitations of equivalent effect. Perspectives Studies in Translatology, Vol. 8. No. 3, 197-205. Munday, J. 2001. Introducing Translation Studies. London New York Routledge. Nababan, M. R. 2003.Translation Processes, Practices and Products of Professional Indonesian Translators. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Schools of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand. _________. 1999. Teori Menerjemah Bahasa Inggris. Yogyakarta Pustaka Pelajar. _________. 1989. Analisis terjemahan buku Research Methods and Analysis Searching for Relationship karya Michael H. Walizer dan Paul, W. Wienir ke dalam bahasa Indonesia oleh Sadiman dan Hutagaol. Unpublished Thesis. Surakarta Universitas Sebelas Maret. Newmark, P. 1991. About Translation.Great Britain Longdunn Press, Ltd. __________. 1988. A Textbook of Translation. New York Prentice-Hall International. __________. 1 981. Approaches to Translation. Oxford Pergamon Press Nida, E. 1975. Language Structure and Translation. Standford, California Standford University Press. ______. 1964. Towards a Science of Translating. Leiden Brill. Vinay, J. P. and Darbelnet, J. 1965. Stylistique Comparee du Francois et de Langalis. Paris Didier. http//www. proz. com/translation-articles/articles/2071/1/EQUIVALENCE-IN-TRANSLATION%3ASOME-PROBLEM-SOLVING-STRATEGIES

Environmental program Essay Example for Free

Environmental program EssaySuperfund is an environmental program formed to address abandoned hazardous profligacy sites. It is also established by the amend Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act of 1980. The law was enacted in the height of the discovery of dumps of toxic wastes in the 1970. The law permits the Environmental surety Agency (EPA) to clean up such hazardous locations and to require responsible companies/persons to do clean up or compensate the government for EPA-initiated cleanups. The Superfund cleanup cognitive operation is intricate. It starts on the assessment of the sites and placing them on the National Priorities List, then conduct cleanups on them. Located at 4109 West Linebaugh Avenue in Tampa, Hillsborough County, Florida, the Confederate Solvents, Inc. served as a delivery and trade point for tetrachloroethylene. The chemical, which is also known as perchloroethylene or PCE was stored in four aboveground storage tanks in the facility from 1977 to 1985. The facility distributed the chemicals for teetotal cleaners located within the area. From 1985 to 1989 the facility was leased to P.J. s Spa and recently leased to a commercial painting company. The whole property of Southern Solvents, Inc. is about 100 feet wide and 185 feet deep. When the company is still in operations, the aboveground tanks were individually filled from tanker tanks that brought the chemicals to the facility. One former tank had a substance of 3,000 gallons while the size of the other three is still unknown. It is believed that leaks and spills of tetrachloroethylene happened while the tanks are being filled and emptied.The tetrachloroethylene that spilled and leaked was not contained and eventually goes down into the near sandy soil. In 1988, when the facilitys drinking water well and several private drinking wells nearby, it was positive contamination of tetrachloroethylene and relate compounds of trichloroethylene and 1,2- dichloroethan. The Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services advise instantaneously the residents within the area to stop using water from these wells and supplied bottled water to owners and tenants in the area.The Florida Cites Water Department and the Northwest Hillsborough County Utilities have four wells that draw water from an aquifer within 4 miles of Southern Solvents facility. They provide water supply to more than than 46,000 people in St. Petersburg, Hillsborough County, and nearby communities. As early as 1994, EPA conducted preliminary assessment of the site and its threat to the community. On July 27, 2000, Southern Solvents site was placed on the National Priorities List (NPL).Various studies then undergoes since the signing of the Superfund Contract that commits the State for 10 percent of the cost for the clean up. Until now, there are only sign steps of chemical oxidation studies and soil vapor extractions are done into the site.ReferenceEnvironmen tal Protection Agency, Florida. (2009, March 20). Southern Solvents. Retrieved March 24, 2009, from http//www. dep. state. fl. us/waste/quick_topics/publications/ wc/sites/summary/141. pdf Environmental Protection Agency, United States. (2009, January 30). Superfund. Retrieved March 24, 2009, from http//www. epa. gov/superfund/about. htm

Lives of Athenian and Spartan Women

Lives of Athenian and stark WomenAthens and Sparta were kn admit as the famous Greek city states. The cardinal governed their city state unlikely in political system, social life, parsimony, education, religious view, and so on. An other(a) main difference was the womens rights and power. Athenian women were horribly treated. They were highly kept and protected at home because the belief to Athenian men was that women were highly sexual beings who could not control their sexual urges and therefore had to be restricted for their confess benefit. On the other hand, Spartan women enjoyably last with their status, rights, power, and respect which the women of another Greece city states werent lucky to be delight with those freedom. Spartans realized that regard slight of gender all Spartan people had an obligation to serve the legions end of Sparta.(Gaughan) This essay broadly focuses on how Athens and Sparta differently and similarly treated their women to the following question sHow were Athenian and Spartan women improve?How did they get married?Could they women disjoin their preserve?What did they do when they become a mother?How did Athenians and Spartans judge their women?How sociable were Athenian and Spartan women?Did they have right to own office?How did they receive citizenship?What argon the similarities between both of them?Athens was a powerful capital and the largest Greece city state. It was a heart of economic, political, financial and culture life in Greece. Athens delineate freedom, art, and democracy. Athens was given its name from Athena goddess who is the goddess of wisdom and knowledge and won the competition with the sea godPoseidon. Furthermore, the government of Athens was limited democracy. And Athens economy mostly depended on trade.Sparta was a well known city state in Greece, and located on the banks of the River Eurotas in Laconia, in south-eastern Peloponnese. When Sparta invaded Dorians, and brought both the local and non- Dorian people under control, it appeared as a political entity around the 10th century BC. Later on, it became a strong and dominant force sphere-power in quaint Greece. It considered itself as the Greece protector, providing expert armies to Greece whenever needed. The political system of Spartan government was a monarchy ruled by two kings. Moreover, economic in Sparta mainly focused on kitchen-gardening rather than trade.How were Athenian and Spartan women educated?Athenian women werent expected to get education from school such as how to write and read. However, they were taught reading at home. They were in any case taught necessary house assure skills such as spinning, weaving, and sewing, cooking, cleaning and managing other house servant duties by their mothers, and even the slaves whom their families had. Furthermore, they got education about facts on mythology, religion and occasionally melodious instruments.On the other hand, since the Spartans believed that if the ir women are educated and are able to protect themselves Spartan women could also manage property of their husband while he was gone. As the result, most of Spartan women are literate. At the age of seven, Spartan women were both academically and physically educated. But they didnt receive any knowledge related to domestic work as Athenian women such as weaving, cooking, sewing, and others because these kinds of work were responsibilities of helots and slaves in Sparta. For academic education, they were taught to read, write, and protect themselves. They got cultural education including poetry, social and religious customs, choral recitation, bound and music. In addition, music was a main section in religious festival. Spartan women, therefore, learned to sing and perform dance.For physical education, Spartan women were trained in athlete competitions such as running, wrestling, and javelin throwing. Moreover, they were well knownwith their great knowledge in not only breeding and training but also equitation horseback and driving small horse-driven carts.How did they get married?Since birth, Athenian girls were highly protected and kept at home. Athenian fathers arranged and married of their young teenage daughter at early age, normally at the age of thirteen or fourteen to men who were 30 years old and sometimes from grownup families in Athens society. The brides father celebrated a marriage ceremony call gamos, which the aim is to show that the bride was passed to the groom. Athenian bride couldnt meet her groom until the contracts had already been approved. The subroutine of marriage was quite in truth long and complicated. After the marriage Athenian women were supposed to join or move to live in their husbands family though they werent considered as full member of the new family until they birthed the first child.Unlike Athenian women, Spartan women had non-ceremonial for their marriages. Commonly, they got married at the age of eighteen years old. A Spartan char adult female was assigned to married a man who came and abducted her at mid night from her family. After that, she shaved her head and wear mans clothes. Then she was able to meet her husband, mostly for children purpose. After marriages, husband and wife lived separately. If husband joined war for too long time, Spartan woman could find a new husband.Could they women disassociate their husband?Women in Athens couldnt divorce their husband without providing any reasonable evidences to public official and agreement from their husband. though they successfully divorced, they would lose all rights to their children.Oppositely, Spartan women could divorce their husband without losing any wealth, properties, and even rights to children.What did they do when they become a mother?Athenian women were supposed to give healthy son who would be strong soldier. thence they werent allowed to take parts in sport, competition, and military.On the other hand, being a healthy mother producing strong and brave son to serve in Spartan armies was a primary purpose for Spartan women since Spartan was known as strong militaristic city state of Greek. Thus, Spartan women involved inmilitary training, did exercises, and join athletic competition to make their bodies fit, strong and healthy.How did Athenians and Spartans judge their women?Athenian women were strongly determined on their artificial beauty rather than natural beauty. They want wearing valuable and elaborate jewelry and nice clothes for being attractive and other purposes.On the contrary, Spartan women were well known for their natural beauty. Consequently, they were proscribe to wear or use any kinds of cosmetics or makeup, especially jewelry, which was a serious avoidance for them.How sociable were Athenian and Spartan women?Athenian women had very less freedom. They had a secluded life since they were forced to stay at home most of the time. They would lose their status if they failed to do so. Sinc e Athenian women were educated, they couldnt have carriers or hold office in society such as prostitute, market seller, flute players, dancers, nurses, and mid wives. Only freewomen of poorer classes could do trade in market places, and went outdoor such(prenominal) more than wealthy women. More than this, women from rich family were physically protected by their slaves or male relatives, and they had to maintain and protect their reputation by not jaw closely with men. Though Athens was a democracy, Athenian women still couldnt join public activities such as voting or taking part in state operation. They could neither watch nor participate in the Olympic Games, military training, and even athletic competitions. But, they could leave the houses to join religious festival.Spartan women, on the other hand, lived freely and left the house whenever wanted. They were strongly given confidence to speak in public. They could join group discussion in public. They could involve in military and also politics.Did they have right to own property?Spartan women were allowed to own wealth and property. After married, women in Sparta could own both her husbands land and hers, but her land couldnt become her husband land. Aristotle stated that, by the fifth century B.C., Spartan women owned two-fifths of the land. Spartan women had authority to control, manage and, abandon the land they owned whenever they wished. They could legitimatelypass their land to sons and daughters. In addition, they could also get income earned form their land.Even thought Athenian women could own jewelry, clothes, inexpensive things, they couldnt get the kind of will power as Sparta such as owning land, luxuries, or any things that put into contract. In short, they didnt have financial independence.How did they receive citizenship?In idea of Athenian men, women were less necessary. Thus, Athenian women werent offered Athenian citizenship.Unlike women in Athens, women in Sparta were considered as Spartiates and also citizens of Sparta thought they couldnt join public assembly. Receiving citizenship in Sparta, one had to withdraw profit from owning land to wear for government. As what mentioned above, Spartan women could own land, so they could be awarded the Spartan citizenship.What are the similarities between both of them?According to what shown above, the life of Athenian and Spartan women are different from each other. However, they still had several commons. Both of them were required to get married. And the marriages were arranged by fathers. More than this, the two were expected to give strong and healthy sons. The two had to bear their children. They couldnt join assembly. They could own property.In short, women status in Sparta and Athens are quite different from each other. As we see, while Spartan women were educated to write, read, and know about cultural knowledge, Athenian women were taught managing household duties. For marriage, Athenian women were expected to get married in early age, and the process of getting married seemed be complicated. But in Sparta, women got married unless they were eighteen years old. Moreover, Athenian women were judged on artificial beauty, but Spartan woman were judged on natural beauty. And Spartan women were very active in the public. Contrast of Spartan women, Athenian women stayed at home most of the time. Last but not least, Athenian women didnt have valuable property ownership as Spartan women.Comparing ancient Athenian women to women nowadays, there are both similarities and differences. For similarities, both of them were pressed to producechildren and take care them, looked afterwards home, and increased their beauty and attractiveness by wearing additional jewelry and beautiful clothes. One more similarity is that marriage is an important thing for their lives.Though they are similar, they are still different from each other. In contrast to ancient Athenian women, present women can go to work a nd do their own careers. They are sociable they can go wherever they want, do whatever they prefer, and talk with whomever they like. Moreover, the marriages of modern women are mostly not arranged or elect by their parents. Another difference is that women nowadays can involve or have status in politics and government. They also have right to education, and to own property as men have.However, most of what modern women can do is the same as what ancient Spartan could do. Consequently, we can assume that modern women and ancient Spartan women share many similarities.In my own view, if I had been born in ancient Greek, I would have preferred to be a woman of Sparta.

Assessing And Solving Ethical Dilemmas Philosophy Essay

Assessing And Solving Ethical Dilemmas Philosophy EssayHonesty is the cornerstone of character. The honest man or woman charmks not tho to avoid criminal or illegal acts , except to be scrupulously fair, up justifiedly, fearless in both action and expression .Honesty pays dividends both in dollars and in peace of mind.B.C ForbesWhat atomic number 18 Ethical predicaments Ethical predicaments occur gener any(prenominal)y when a someone is do to choose betwixt two or more alternatives and e actually(prenominal) of them seem function from different perspectives. Such predicaments have a very blurred line between right and wrong thus complicating the finding do process for a soulfulness. Somemultiplication its not even a question of right or wrong but which of the alternatives is more viable. Decision is further made difficult by the varying amount of fix of each decision on the profitability, share price, marketplace share, competitiveness, relations and various former (a) factors. For e.g. should wealthier person be forced to pay more taxes for poor hoi polloi in the society.Why ethical dilemmas exist For any presidency, its difficult to maintain harmony as opinions of individuals vary, put on the line are high and emotions offer unanimous. This may give rise to ethical issues which in turn mass cause ethical dilemmas, also kn aver as ethical paradox. Let us first try to under hold water as to how ethics burn down be maintained in an organization as soundly as individualJustice It talks somewhat rights and laws, rules and regulations, fairness etc. The good thing about it is that it accentuates on equality and believes in providing justice to all irrespective of any cast, creed etc. This helps in establishing ethical standards and the enforcement may cause people or organization to abide by the law and die hard ethical.Care Nothing empennage beat positive organizational climate and the value for each others feelings. Strong personal connections and trust oer each other may make ethical decisions simpler by simplifying the lines between good and bad.Power Some sequences power and influence and the resultant fear to abide by the rules and regulations adjudge people on track. If the autocratic behavior of a leader denounces unethical steps because it makes his/her followers also to choose the correct itinerary manoeuver by him.Community These days we find the topic of Corporate Social Responsibility being taken up very seriously by the organizations. To salve themselves in the good books of community, the firms have started acting in the welfare of community which itself closes some unethical measures by familiarity.Profession One batht deny clashes between personal and professional codes. Both the employee and employer should be careful in choosing each other else it will lead to lot of unrest and instability to both the parties.Differences and issues associate to work work give rise to conflicts. The dif ferences croupe come from various factors like working style, personal differences etc but if the difference is ascribable to an ethical clash, then it can have serious repercussions.The following diagram shows us that an individual does have ethical issues with the organization on whole or with the team due to which he may not be able to deliver his 100% best in the work he undertakes.How to resolve ethical dilemmasAs much(prenominal) there are no fixed rules to decide what is to be followed in fact of ethical dilemmas. As stated earlier its not just about right or wrong decisions but taking a decision which one feels is more appropriate in a given context. However there are some methods suggested by various people in the field of business ethics for deciding which separate decision to be chosen by an organization or individual under given circumstances. For e.g. Organizations and individuals can choose to follow many of the suggested ethical theories for moving ahead with th eir decisions. But the most utile and most effective method of choosing an ethical decision seems to be finding a similar theoretical account of ethical dilemma in past with any other individual or organization. Analyzing the actions, the reasons for actions the consequences of those actions which took in the past gives us a very good idea about the direction in which a person should proceed in case of ethical dilemmas. Therefore before deciding on any plan of action a person must crumble all the possible consequences of the act and must check for how are the actions in line with the moral values and principles governing the organization or individual. Few of the right consequences by taking right decision can beSubstantially improve society.Help maintaining a moral course in turbulent timesCultivate strong teamwork and productivitySupport employee growth and meaningAn insurance policy they help ensure that policies are legalPromote a strong public imageEthical dilemmas from Hi ndu epicsIn this part of the project we would describe the various ethical dilemma spatial relations from the Hindu epics of Mahabharata and Ramayana. The situations described are very much character centric and hence each situation would be described in context of the character. But these situations from these epics can very clearly be seen even in present conditions across the world at individual level, family level, organization level or field level. Following are the characters and their ethical dilemma situations from epics Bhishma Bhishma also known as Gangaputra, meaning the son of Ganges (the holy river). The context of ethical dilemma being mentioned here with Bhishma is about his battleing the war of Mahabharata from the side of Kauravas while he al counsels wanted the victory of his opponents Pandavas. This ethical dilemma shows how even a very powerful and highly knowledgeable person like Bhishma do fall in the ethical dilemma trap and are not able to make out clear ly that which of the decisions are better to go with. Lets analyze the ethical dilemma of Bhishma on following criteria.Why such a dilemma happened Bhishma was an obedient son. He during the reign of his father, Shantanu took a assurance that he will always abide by the orders of the king. He also pledged that he will never marry and wont ever become the king himself. So at the time of Mahabharata war he was in dilemma because he was binded by his pledge towards following the orders of king and hence to fight the war from the side of Kauravas but at the same time he knew very well that objective of Kauravas for the war was not good. He knew that Pandavas are the veritable people for owning the throne of Hastinapur. He was actually confused between whether it is right to break his earlier pledge of obedience for what he considered right or to blindly follow his pledge. This is a perfect example of a manager in present condition who is trapped in a quandary to follow or refuse the d ecision by top management if he finds them in conflict with his own ethics though following them might pave way for his lucrative career.Consequences of DecisionAs per his decision of fighting for Kauravas once morest Pandavas, finally Bhishma lost the fight with Arjuna and died after the war was over. During his last moments he mentioned that it was a mistake on his part to consider himself above the nation or taking the side of an army which was not fighting for good reason.decisivenessBy analyzing the character of Bhishma , we can conclude that though his intentions for serving his king were good but he made a mistake by blindly following it without reflecting on his decisions from time to time. He should have historicalized that welfare of the kingdom is an insurmountable purpose in priority and his personal decisions shouldnt defeat it. This lesson can be implemented in present scenario when an individual feels obliged on joining an organization and stops thinking if the organ ization is leading in the right path. He has to rationally judge out if the managerial decisionslegitimizes managerial actionsstrengthens the coherence and balance of the organizations cultureimproves trust in relationships between individuals and groupsSupports greater consistency in standards and qualities of products/services.Cultivates greater sensitivity to the impact of the enterprises values and messages.An analogy with Corporate real biography caseHyundai Chairperson went to jail for embezzlement and separate of trustProblem In late April 2006, Hyundai travel Company chairman, Chung Mong-koo was arrested. This example would show us that the society interest prevails over individuals interest.Problem enlarge The following month he was accused on charges of breach of trust, embezzling company funds, and causing damage to companies in the Hyundai group.Consequences In April 2006, the directors of Hyundai apologized to the public and said the Chung family would donate asset s worth Won 1 trillion to society. In June 2006, Chung appeared in motor inn and admitted his guilt to a certain extentKarna Eldest of the Pandava brothers, but not known to any of his brothers. Loyal friend of Duryodhana. Ethical dilemma of karna has been analyzed on following basis Why such a dilemma happened Karna was son of Kunti (Mother of pandavas). He was born before kuntis marriage and hence because of fear of social repubation, kunti floated the baby bird in the river. Karna was brought up by Adhirath, the chariot driver of king. Karna was supported by Duryodhan when he was not accepted by anyone else. Duryodhana made him king of ngdesh. All these benefits by Duryodhan made karna indebted to him. For rest of his life karna promised to be originalhearted to Duryodhan in return of all these benefits. Here again we can see that an issue of allegiance against moral values of karna coming into play. This is because karna was always aware of what is morally right and what is morally incorrect but because of his trueness to Duryodhana he obstinate to remain loyal in place of being morally correct in his own eyes.Consequences of DecisionAs a consequence of his decision to remain loyal to a person (Duryodhan) instead of being moral or doing what is in benefit of larger people, Karna fought in the Mahabharata war from side of Kauravas. He was finally killed by Arjuna.ConclusionHere also we see that karna was considering his loyalty towards a person (Duryodhana) to be more important than his moral values and doing the things for bet barrierent of larger people. This analogy of karna can very well in this context be related to the way employees of Enron remained loyal to their top management by concealing the actual condition of the organization from the larger number of stakeholders. They did not go for morally correct decision of informing the condition of the degrading organization to the stakeholders.An analogy with Corporate real life caseDell Investor s filed suit Over Accounting PracticesProblem A group of investors had filed a lawsuit in Feb, 2007 alleging that Dell had used illegal method of accounting methods to hide secret kickback payments paid by Intel .This case would show us that though being associated with the firm , the investors didnt get deter to complain against Dell.Problem Details According to allegations, the payments from Intel were meant to ensure that Dell used only Intel Processors in its PCs according to suit. The investors claimed that Dells profits were inflated by hundreds of millions of dollars.Consequences Regulators from the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the U.S. attorney for the Southern order of New York launched an investigation of Dells accounting practices due to which Dell had failed to file its quarterly earnings numbers for the periods ending Aug. 4, 2006 and Nov. 3, 2006, leading the Nasdaq stock exchange to take the decision of dropping Dell from its listing board for s ome period of time.YudhisthiraEldest son of Pandu, former king of Hastinapur. He is considered to be the best judge of right and wrong things. On the basis of his such a great knowledge he was awarded the title of dharmraj(King of right doings). But in Mahabharata we see even yudhishthira was caught in the web of ethical dilemma.Why such a dilemma happened This situation happened when Yudhishthira was invited by his younger brother Duryodhana for dhyut krida, a gamey of frolic. Those days the art of gambling used to make or break a kings reputation. Any person refusing to be a part of this game was considered either a coward or penniless. Yudhishthira as a king was well aware of the risk associated with the game yet he went beyond his limits by betting on his wife and ultimately losing to Duryodhan. all the same though in the midst of the game, he had a clue of his losing out badly yet to prove he was strong enough to take the game further, he not only insulted his wife but tarre d his own image.Consequences of DecisionAs a consequence of giving priority to his impression on society over what he believed to be morally and ethically correct, it led to the decline of the fame of Yudhishthira. He lost his fame and respect in the eyes of the people who considered him to be a real distinguisher of right and wrong. This game of gambling is a blemish on the character of Yudhishthira till date.ConclusionBy analyzing the character of Yudhishthira, his act, reasons for act consequences of act we can conclude that decisions by people must be based on what is ethically correct rather than acting to inflate ones ego.An analogy with Corporate real life caseSamsung paid $ 90 m in DRAM caseProblem Samsung paid $90m to bring to an end lawsuits brought against it by 41 US states as a result of its role in a worldwide DRAM price-fixing cartel. This would show us how in a bid to control the market (similar to Yudhishthiras claim to pride though he knew that he was committing m istake ), Samsung fell in the trap.Problem Details Samsung, Elpida, Hynix and Infineon were all found guilty by the US Department of Justice of conspiring to set memory prices between July 1999 and June 2002Consequences In May 2006, Samsung, Hynix and Infineon agreed to pay $160m to settle a class-action brought against them by individuals who claimed they were financially harmed by the say conspiracy.Vibhishan Vibhishan was the brother of Ravana. He was aware of the reality of Rama his real powers. For this reason he suggested Ravana to know the reality of Rama and move towards him making shri Rama his friend instead of making him his enemy. The dilemma faced by vibhishana is mentioned on following basis Basis of existence of Dilemma Vibhishan knew that Ramas power stood superior to that of his own brother (Ravana).He tried persuading Ravana to follow the path of goodness and extend a friendship relation to Rama. But when all his efforts went in vain, he was in a dilemma of wheth er to stay with his brother country at the time of war or should he stand in support of Rama, a person who he considered right. Hence here we see Vibhishana acquire trapped between being a good obedient brother or being an enemy of his own brothers and country.Consequences of decision takenHe was insulted by his brother in front of society and ordered to leave his kingdom. This all happened after all the efforts taken by Vibhishana to pacify his brothers and Ramas relations. Later he decided to follow the path which he believed to be morally correct and a path towards achieving Moksha. He went to Rama and became his friend and a very important advisor against battle with Ravana. At the end after winning the battle Rama offers the kingdom of Ravana to Vibhishana as gift of his friendship and his gratitude towards his help and support in the war.Conclusion Here again we see an ethical dilemma faced by a character between his loyalty towards personal relations and an ethical path. Bu t here if we see in detail about the conditions, actions taken and consequences faced by the character, we can conclude that at the end Vibhishana took the right decision of joining with Rama. As we can see that by joining with Rama Vibhishana ensures that the effects of battle should be minimal on the citizens of his own country Lanka. With deeper thought we realize that his decision was out of his true love and respect for his country for he knew that by joining Rama, undesired damages of his kingdom can be avoided. Hence by observing this situation of Vibhishana we can also say that what actually looked to be a person who shifted to the enemy camp in the time of war and who was considered as a double-dealer by his own citizens was actually the real person concerned about the safety of his country. Here is a very good example by which we can explain that following ethical decisions may seem to be against some of the known and dear ones in the gyp run but finally it is the ethica lly and morally correct decisions which are really good for the betterment of the organizations. This example of ethical decision resulting in loss for an organization in the short run but finally coming out as the most beneficial decisions ever taken in history for the organization in long term can be seen very well from the ethical decision taken by Johnson Johnson while calling back all its medicines which were considered fatal for the health of people consuming these medicines. As a result of this decision organization faced a huge short run financial loss even it looked that company may go for bankruptcy but now finally it is seen by everybody that Johnson Johnson is the top organization in its field and has a very good give away value and is perceived as one of the best ethically driven organizations.An analogy with Corporate real life caseSEC fined TREND small CEOProblem The allegation of suspicious trading of shares by subgenus Chen, chief executive and co founder of lea ding anti- virus firm Trend small on the major Chinese Internet Portal Sina.com. She was found to be in partner with the wrong dealings by his own husband too. This example would show us that one shouldnt keep silent over his/her close ones misdeeds.Problem Details Apart from allegations of insider trading, there was also an inquiry into whether Ms Chen under reported her holdings in Trend Micro chares.Consequences the CEO of Trend Micro was ordered to pay a fine by US pecuniary watchdogs. Also the US Securities and Exchange Commission did its investigations following the allegations. The company suffered huge losses due to it.Conclusion from the ProjectMost prominent ethical dilemma from Epics By the study of various characters from Mahabharata we have seen that there is prominent type of ethical dilemma which exists across large number of characters. This prominent type of dilemma is the dilemma of loyalty versus moral values. Here by loyalty we mean that loyalty of a person can be towards anything. This loyalty in case of Bhishma was towards his own pledge of protecting his king. In case of Karna this loyalty is towards Duryodhana. Here the reason of loyalty is again different. While in case of Bhishma the reason of loyalty is his pledge in case of Karna reason of loyalty is his being indebted to Duryodhan because of the benefits given by Duryodhan to him. Similarly for Yudhishthira the inclination was towards popularly accepted beliefs rather than his own inner voice telling him not to go ahead with the game. In Ramayana, Vibhishan on the other hand was an example to show that ethically taken decisions stand much superior to ones worldly relations.Existence of similar dilemma in present scenario The ethical dilemma faced by the large number of characters in Mahabharta can be seen in present scenario as well. This dilemma of loyalty versus personal moral values of an individual can also be seen in case of Enron failure. Here also as already explained abov e, employees found it their duty to remain loyal to the organization or top management by not concealing the degrading condition of organization to outside public.Conclusion From all the above mentioned examples we can conclude that following ethically and morally correct decisions are the ones which an organization or an individual should always go with though they may be hard to follow. This is because these decisions may look difficult and harmful when viewed in short term perspectives but these are truly the decisions which are going to be beneficial in long run. All successful individuals and organizations are those which have a respected and trustworthy image in the minds of the public and stakeholders it has. This kind of image of individuals and organizations is never built in a day or so but is an effect of continuous dealings of ethical or moral values. According to Universalist theory of Business Ethics too, the interest of the larger mass prevails over individual interes ts It rightly says that the best moral choices are those that you want others to do , even when you cannot make yourself an exception , and ,that respect others as persons.

Unilever Is A Multinational Company Economics Essay

Unilever Is A Multinational Company Economics Essay1.0)IntroductionGlobalization stand be known as the integration of economic science and societies all over the creation. In the planetaryised ball beca exercise of the countries highly interdependent on economies economic crisis in a part of realness affects the whole world. Because of the great depression the whole world is facing a worst financial and economic crisis which is affecting social and environs in a negative and positive ways. This crisis is negatively effecting all the countries and the commercees e in particular the developing countries.Respnding to this Crisis is a challenge for businesses. How the selected company that is Unilever as been touched by the crisis, how it should answer pass on be discussed in this report2.0)Introduction to the CompanyUnilever is a multinational company which operates in 190 countries with 400 strike outs. It is the worlds 3rd largest FMCG (Fast moving Consumer Goods). Around 2 billion consumers use Unilever products every day. Around the world more than 171000 employees locks.In Europe Unilever owns 38% of its business. In America 33% and in Asia and Africa its 29%.Unilever is a most culturally diverse company for example Unilever top Management is from 21 countries.30% of unilever managers argon women.Product portfolio of Unilever includes Personal care, Home care, Water, food and beverage. Some of the global brands are knorr,lifebuoy,lipton,Reona,dove which brings more than 1 billion revenue for the company.3.0)Global Economic crisisCurrent global economic turmoil is slowing down growth of advanced economies. major economic crisis held in unite states and Europe. This crisis will be explained briefly as follows.3.1)United States crisisUnited states financial crisis is one of the global economic crisis. It happened because of the high demand for ain and corporate investment many people borrowed money from the government and bought properties which t hey can non afford. At last because of the high demand Banks started lending money using the customer deposits. afterwards moved to lend money where mortgages were being issued on the bond market. When the US borrowers started defaulting on their mortgages they lost their houses as hale as the investors lost their investments including banks. Banks from many countries specially form UK continental also do loans in these markets where the banking crisis affected the whole world. This crisis led to the global recession which affected the whole world.3.2)European sovereign-debt crisisEuropean sovereign-debt crisis is an ongoing crisis which has made difficult for both(prenominal) countries in the euro zone to pay their government debt. Countries like Greece, Portugal, Ireland, Italy, and Spain failed to achieve the target economic growth in hallow to payback rise holders the guarantee it was intended to be. In Greece debt augmentd because of the public sector wage and pension co mmitments. To finance the expenditure Greece went of borrowing. The result was they exceeded the size of the nations entire economy .Investors responded by demanding for higher yields for the bonds by increasing the burden .European union and European central bank necessitated a series of bailouts. European banks own a considerable add together of sovereign debt which is negatively reinforcing. Bankers were reluctant to lend money because of bad debts which led to credit crunch.Although the above mentioned five countries are in immediate danger the crisis has effects the whole world. How it has effected will be discussed in the next topic.4.0)Effect of crisisThe world economy has been affected by financial crisis. Many emerging economies are affected a lot.Due to the interconnection of the financial systems a bank failure will be a start to the failure of series of banks. For example in US financial crisis series of small financial institutions collapses resulted in the failure of lehman brothers. Customers of lehmann brothers pulled out their money in order to invest in more pander way. This laid to 10000 of job cuttings around the world. Once the financial system weakness the recession began.A recession is a situation where the economy dough growing. Recession has the effect on global plenty. European debt crisis affected the financial market as well as the US government budget. International fiscal Funds (IMF)40% of capital comes from the United States. So if the IMF has to commit cash to bailout initiatives US taxpayers have to pay more tax. This will lead to the decline in the world economy at market exchange rates.Many countries facing negative impact such as trade balances and balance of payment, lack of public confidence in financial institutions, Collapse of housing markets, decrease revenue from tourism, reversal of private capital inflows, quaild ability to maintain social welfare such as health and education, step-down of fiscal space, fa lling tax revenues, growing budget deficit, reduced demand for imports.This financial crisis led to many social crisis and challenges which are inter related. In the recession companies makes less profit and Unemployment rates adds along with the low consumer confidence. Consumer spending is less because of the unemployment. People loose their homes ,their incomes, their savings.In the recession consumers use credit cards less and businesses also dont borrow money to expand the business. With the lower demand for loans interest rates stupefy low.When the interest rates become low investment of foreigners goes down. Therefore local prize for currency depreciates. For example when the rupee value goes down exchange rate goes up. For example if 1 US dollar is equal to Srilankan Rupees 114 during the recession it might become 135 Rupees. Which means exchange rates goes up. This will result in increase oil price. anele is a very sensitive thing. If the oil price goes up lots of social issues comes into paly.Increase of food prices, energy cost, and poverty effects the social progress. Between January 2002 and rarefied 2008, oil price changed from $19.7 to $133.4 a barrel.As a results of the crisis over 50 million people specially women and children had driven to extreme poverty jibe to the world bank. According to the food and agriculture organization of the United Nations says that crisis will effect in increase number of hunger and undernourished people worldwide.This economic crisis does not affect only the economic and financial sector. It effects the environmental cherishion such as clean and renewable energy, climate change because of the companies wont be able to focus more on these areas. How these crisis will impact Unilever will be discussed next.5.0)How Economic Crisis impact UnileverIMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde said that the three different crises on economic, environmental, and social fronts feed off each other and cannot be addressed e ach in isolation.When there is an economic crisis Social problems and environmental problems arises automatically.PESTEL analysis is a framework which reviews a situation which gives a strategic direction for the company. PESTEL also ensures that companys performance is aligned positively with the powerful forces of change that are affecting business environment (Porter, 1985).This analysis is carried out to Unilever Global because when there is a change in the macroeconomic environment company have to look forward implementing strategies in order to overcome the challenges.5.1)Political and legalUnilever is a multinational company which has to obey the operating state and component partal rules and regulations. These rules cover trademarks, health and safety, patents, employment and taxes important regulatory bodies. For example Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has prohibited alcohol and pork contained food. Breach of these rules will damage the reputation of the company as well as accord ing to the law company has to pay fine. Government changes in taxation policy to reduce unemployment will affect the company economic performance. Taxation for the imports and raw materials will affect the business negatively by increasing the price of the products.5.2)EconomicalWhen it comes to Europe Unilever market is full of competition. Because of the crisis explained in the previous section macroeconomic environment is highly uncertain .Due to the economic crisis consumers are looking for cheaper product. In countries like France and Nederland competition for unilever is high.Customer and supplier default was resulted in the economic downturn. Customers purchasing power simplification has resulted in the company profits.5.3)Social and economical environmentUnilevers vision is to help people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and service that are good for them and good for others.Unilever has a strong reputation for the focus on employees safety, environ mental protection and sustainability. It focuses on utilization of renewable resources as well as producing products which are safe for consumers. Company uses environmental friendly materials for packaging. Even all the governments are focusing on greenish economies and forcing the companies for that. More than developing countries unquestionable markets focus on this.In order to increase the living standards of people Unilever Srilanka focuses on Saubhagya project which helps rural children for studies, For women job opportunities.Unilever is working on safe insobriety urine project in India in order to make people aware about the hygiene factor.5.4)TechnologicalUnilever is spending more on IT in order to improve the brand image and minimize cost through e-business.Unilever invest on research and development about 1 billion a division which will help to develop new product which meets the consumer needs. Lack of innovation will affect the reputation as well as will increase t he competitor market share.6.0)Challenge and threat for the companyBecause of the crisis customers look for cheaper products.Unilever marketing channel is mainly Modern trade and General trade.Modern trade includes the supermarket chains and general trade includes retailers.Unilever has challenge because the supermarket chains comes up with their own brands. For example In srilkanka Cargills food city although it is a main retailer of Unilever Cargills has its own washing powder, jam and so many products. For them it gives big profit margin7.0)Unilevers response to the ChallangesWhen responding for the global crisis focusing on economical, social and environmental factors are important.7.1)EconomicRecession offers a lot of opportunities in the market by creating new gaps. In order to respond to the crisis around the world Unilever offers products with small packages, sachet, affordable variants of global brands for low income consumers. For example in Spain, Greece, United States sm all packs of knorr, dove, lipton brands are sold. In Greece mashed potatoes, mayonnaise is sold in small packages. Launched low cost tea and olive oil brand for the euro market to strikingness the euro crisis.In Europe, Because of recession consumers are focusing on packed lunch and home baking. Therefore stoke baking liquid is introduced in packs where customers can re-use as lunch boxes and as an alternation for the expensive butter. In Indonesia 2-3 cents value of shampoos are sold for profit. By all these strategies Unilever trying to position some brands as a value for money. All these strategies are initially started from the emerging and underdeveloped markets.To respond to the global crisis restructuring the functions is also a strategy of the company. To reduce the staff is reduced from 223000 from 171000.This is because of the local country labor rules which increases the cost. Company planning to reduce the number of factories from 300 to 250 by merging the country opera tions into the region. For example in Saudi Arabian region Dubai is working as the main branch. This will save about 1 billion a year.Brands are reduced from 1600 to 400 which dont work well. This is also a way to face the crisis. This would increase the efficiency of the company rather than focusing on less performing brands.Focusing on innovation is also a best way to meet the global challenge. For example knorr has launched a product line in concentrated fruit and vegetable juices and ice-cream made out of yoghurt.7.2)SocialUnilever increase the livelihood of people by 3 main ways.Sustainabel sourcing, better livelihood and through people.Sustainable sourcing- Helps for better living and income for farmers.Unilever sustainable sourcing is applicable for palm oil, sunflower oil, Vegetables and fruits, cage free eggs.Better livelihood-By giving fertilizers, high quality seeds and training for the small farmers Unilever gets quality inputs as well as it helps to increase the living standards of the farmers.Shakthi direct selling in India provides works for pure people in India which helps to reduce the poverty.People-Unilever focus on health and safety in order to reduce work place injuries. Lamplighter employee programme helps to be mentally free sand physically fit.Focusing on heath and hygien by improving the nutrition is Unilever practicing. Through lifebuoy brand hand wash it reduced the disease diarrhea, through signal brand tries to improve oral health, pure it water filters provide safe drinking water ,through dove brand it helps people to increase the self esteem.As a company which focuses on well being of the consumers has a nutrition strategy which tries to reduce the fat, salt and suger level and to increase the essential fatty acids in the products.Unilever introduced hellmanns myonise with 5% fat focusing the hygien of the consumers. This would make the consumer delight.Responding to country and social needs is also a factor where unilever focus on. For example an Indian woman uses more oil where western shampoos dont wash it away. Therefore company adopted its shampoo according to the Indians need.7.3)EnvironmentalIn order to reduce the environmental impact company focuses on green house gasses, water and waste troubleGreen house gas-Unilever tries to reduce green house gas emission from shampoos and shower gels when using and from washing clothes. Company is reformulating the products to achieve this. By reducing truck mileage company tries to reduce the go down on emission from transport.Water-Company focuses on reducing water consumption in all the stages of production and by making easier rinsing products. Comfort One Rinse fabric conditioner reduces the water consumption from 3 buckets to 1 when rinsing clothes. Washing powders like surf excel need less water .Company focuses on water reduction in the shampoos and hand wash when using. This helps in reducing the water consumption.Waste Management and Packaging-eli minating unnecessary packaging and using lightweight material is way to protect environment. In the personal and home care products using refill will also reduce the consumption of plastics for example lifebuoy hand wash is using this strategy.7.0)ConclusionIn this report current economic crisis is explained and its impact globally is discussed. It reveals that because of a crisis in a country for how far it has impact the lives of people all over the world positively and negatively. This shows how far the globalization plays a major role in peoples lives.Through PESTEL analysis how the Macroeconomic environment is effecting the company is discussed. Through this analysis some conclusion can be made.In order to maintain the market share and the consumers always company should be sensitive for the macroeconomic environment. If there is a regulatory issues in the local country, financial crisis quickly company respond to it. Company should always focus on market research and consumer behavior pattern. Although Unilever is a multinational company it should localize its operations according to the country it operates.Innovation and new product development plays a major role in the business. In the last part with example reports shows that how Unilever responded in the time of crisis.Even in the developed market it had to use the emerging market strategies like small packed products which is a new thing.8.0)RecommendationIn order to achieve a sustainable economic situation as mentioned above focusing on Social and environmental in very important. As discussed above as a leading multinational company Unilever focuses on these matters a lot. But in order to respond to the changing environmental condition following are some recommendation.When focusing on Environmental factors managing waste is very important. Although unilever focus on factory waste management it has to focus on post consumer waste management also. For this having good relationship with operating co untry government is important.Focusing more on green economics and promoting that would bring more environmental friendly customers into the business. This segment although the price is high because of the environmental friendly products they wont think twice to buy.Focusing more on health and hygien by introducing new products such readymade green tea,energy drink and focusing targeting young generation would bring advantage.

The Compulsion Toward Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay

The Compulsion Toward Evil in Young Goodman cook It is the end of this essay to demonstrate the compulsion toward gross evil in Young Goodman Brown that is indicated by the actions of the characters, a compulsion that includes not only the ahead(p) characters exactly virtually everyone in the tale. In Salem village that fateful night when the young Puritan husband was de leave of absence home for the night, he exchanged a parting kiss with his young wife. The wind was playing with the pink ribbons of her majuscule. Literary critic Wagenknecht surveys some of the critical interpretation relative to these ribbons on Faiths cap and how they convey a message from Hawthorne Mathews finds the pastel of infancy in pink, but since pink is a color intermediate between red and white, William V. Davis prefers to take for it as suggesting neither total depravity nor innocence but the tainted innocence, the spiritual imperfection of mankind, a view shargond, up to a point, by Robinson. . . . (62). So the critics would experience us believe that the origin is making a statement here that seemingly good Faith is not all that good, based on the authors placement of pink ribbons on her cap. She whispered, Dearest heart, prithee put off your journey until sunrise and sleep in your own bed tonight. A lone(prenominal) woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts that shes afraid of herself sometimes. Q.D. Leavis says in Hawthorne as Poet that It is a journey he takes under compulsion, and it should not evade us that she tries to stop him because she is under a quasi(prenominal) compulsion to go on a journey herself (36). So the main male and female characters are manifesting similar compulsions toward evil. ... ...n toward evil in the tale, which is indicated by the actions of the characters, a compulsion that includes not only the leading characters but virtually everyone. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Complete Short Stories of Nathaniel Haw thorne. New York Doubleday and Co., Inc.,1959. 247-56. Lang, H.J.. How dubious is Hawthorne? In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Leavis, Q.D. Hawthorne as Poet. In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Martin, Terence vi Tales. In Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965. Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York Continuum Publishing Co., 1989. The Compulsion Toward Evil in Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown EssayThe Compulsion Toward Evil in Young Goodman Brown It is the intention of this essay to demonstrate the compulsion toward gross evil in Young Goodman Brown that is indicated by the actions of the characters, a compulsion that includes not only the leading characters but virtually everyone in the tale. In Salem village that fateful night when t he young Puritan husband was departing home for the night, he exchanged a parting kiss with his young wife. The wind was playing with the pink ribbons of her cap. Literary critic Wagenknecht surveys some of the critical interpretation relative to these ribbons on Faiths cap and how they convey a message from Hawthorne Mathews finds the pastel of infancy in pink, but since pink is a color intermediate between red and white, William V. Davis prefers to take it as suggesting neither total depravity nor innocence but the tainted innocence, the spiritual imperfection of mankind, a view shared, up to a point, by Robinson. . . . (62). So the critics would have us believe that the author is making a statement here that seemingly good Faith is not all that good, based on the authors placement of pink ribbons on her cap. She whispered, Dearest heart, prithee put off your journey until sunrise and sleep in your own bed tonight. A lone woman is troubled with such dreams and such thoughts th at shes afraid of herself sometimes. Q.D. Leavis says in Hawthorne as Poet that It is a journey he takes under compulsion, and it should not escape us that she tries to stop him because she is under a similar compulsion to go on a journey herself (36). So the main male and female characters are manifesting similar compulsions toward evil. ... ...n toward evil in the tale, which is indicated by the actions of the characters, a compulsion that includes not only the leading characters but virtually everyone. BIBLIOGRAPHY Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Complete Short Stories of Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York Doubleday and Co., Inc.,1959. 247-56. Lang, H.J.. How Ambiguous is Hawthorne? In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Leavis, Q.D. Hawthorne as Poet. In Hawthorne A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966. Martin, Terence Six Tales. In Nathaniel Haw thorne. New York Twayne Publishers Inc., 1965. Wagenknecht, Edward. Nathaniel Hawthorne The Man, His Tales and Romances. New York Continuum Publishing Co., 1989.

Epic of Beowulf Essay - Symbols and Symbolism of Battle :: Epic Beowulf essays

Symbolism of Battle in Beowulf Beowulf Authors often use events and things to symbolize stages in someones life. Symbolism is the expend of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing meaning of significance to objects, events, or relationships. In the anonymous epic, Beowulf, Beowulf debates Grendel, the monsters of the ocean and Grendels mother. Beowulfs battles with theses three evils symbolize the youth and adulthood of Beowulfs life. The battle with Grendel represents the youth of Beowulfs life. The characteristic youth is very brave and fights for fame. Beowulf shows how the battle with Grendel is a representation of the youth of Beowulfs life by going to Hrothgar and asking him if he can fight Grendel for him and his people. Beowulf shows this trait when he says, Grant me, then, lord and protector of this noble place, a single request I have come so far, oh shelter of warriors and your peoples love friend, that this one favor you should not refuse m e. That I, alone and with the help of my men, may purge all evil from this Hell. (Beowulf page ).   Another trait that a typical youth has is that they dont want to be outwitted. They also dont want people to think poorly of them. Beowulf shows this when he hears that Grendel does not use any weapons to fight and so Beowulf says that he will not use any weapons because he wants Higlac to think worthy of him. Beowulf shows this trait when he says, I have heard, too, that the monsters scorn of men is so massive that he needs no weapons and fears none. Now will I. My lord Higlac might think less of me if I let my sword go where my feet were afraid to, if I hid behind some broad linden shield my hands alone shall fight for me, struggle for life against the monster (Beowulf page ).   The typical youth likes to screw up about what they have done. Beowulf shows this third trait when he brags to Hrothgar about how he swam all the way over and killed all the monsters in the oc ean. This is seen when Beowulf says, "I swam in the black of night, hunting monsters out of the ocean, and killing them one by one death was my errand and the fate they had earned" (Beowulf page ).